아함에 나타난 부정관과 번뇌의 관계

Abstract

Catvāri smṛti upasthāni(四念處), aśubha bhāvanā(不淨觀), and ānāpāna smṛti(數息觀) of the 37 kinds of bodhipākṣika(助道) are essential meditation practices in the early buddhism. In the Abhidhama literature, aśubha bhāvanā, and ānāpāna smṛti among them were fixed as the two gates into meditation practice. Especially, the practice way of aśubha bhāvanā which was explained before ānāpāna smṛti focuses on cutting sexual desire and the attachment to the body. Buddha see that the true understanding to the world is possible when people destroy rāga-dveṣa-moha(貪瞋痴) in his mind, and people are able to cut sexual desire and the attachment to the body by aśubha bhāvanā. The literature in early buddhism write that Buddha explains aśubha bhāvanā in many different ways, and many monks who misunderstand Buddha's explain kill themselves after experiencing the uncleanness of the body by aśubha bhāvanā. After this case, aśubha bhāvanā is replaced by ānāpāna smṛti. But it is true that aśubha bhāvanā is very effective to destroy the attachment to the body. So, we can guess, Buddha would have explained aśubha bhāvanā the first of all, and by aśubha bhāvanā, intended to cut sexual desire and the attachment to the body of monks. This paper considers the ways and the effects of aśubha bhāvanā in early form in the 4 kinds of Chinese buddhist Āgama texts(四部阿含), and then inquires kliṣṭas(煩惱) which the meditator be able to destroy by aśubha bhāvanāSo, this paper have found that aśubha bhāvanā which is the form of uncleanness in the mind in early form is a kind of method of concentrating. Especially, this paper have found that the mixing between the meditation on the 9 kinds of changing and decaying forms of the dead body(九想觀) and the 5 objects of the buddhist meditation(五想) which help meditator's nirvana is appearing in the Chinese Saṃyuktāgama texts, and the system of the 10 objects of the buddhist meditation(十想) which is the mixing between the 5 objects of the buddhist meditation and some parts of the 9 objects of the buddhist meditation is fixed in the Chinese Ecottarāgama texts. In case of relation to kliṣṭa, we can find that the practice of aśubha bhāvanā destroys the trisaṃyojana(三結), and weakens the fundamental kliṣṭas of rāga-dveṣa-moha, and can gain the end of suffering(duḥkasya antakriya, 苦際). This paper have found that the destroying of rāga-dveṣa- moha and the trisaṃyojana, and the gaining of the end of suffering are the essential keys for going into the catvāri śramaṇaphalāni(四沙門果), and through practicing aśubha bhāvanā, we are able to gain the nirvana from the body, for which we must destroy the rāga nivaraṇa(貪慾蓋) among the 5 kinds of nivaraṇa.