아함에 나타난 몸 관찰 수행방법의 순차성

Abstract

One of the features in meditation techniques in early Buddhism which expresses a lot in Agama is an emphasis onobserving the body, Kayanupassana. Even though early Buddhism suggested diverse meditation techniques, it was Kayanupassana that developed detailed instructions for practice. Only after the way of observing the body has been correctly established is meditation possible. This paper reveals that the completion of Kayanupassana lies not only in observing inside the body but also in observing dhatu (elements) and the nine charnel ground contemplations and it becomes the basis of Wu-Ting-Hsin-Kuan and other evolved meditation techniques. The details of the method of Kayanupassana are mentioned twice in Madhyama Agama in Sanskrit, once inSamyukta Agama and Ekottara Agama in Sanskrit, and also in Mahasatipatthana sutta in Dighanikaya in Pali. However, the details are slightly different depending on which book one reads. Even though They all talk about the order of observing the body, first inside the body, followed by observing the dhatuyo (elements), and finally the nine charnel ground contemplations and have same interpretation of observinginside the body (e.g. organs), techniques in observing elements and orders in the nine charnel ground contemplations are somewhat different between them. For example, Ekottara Agama and the Mahasatipatthana sutta in the Palinese Dighanikaya talk about observing 4 dhatuyo (elements) while Madhyama Agama refers to6 dhatuyo (elements) and the Palinese version of the Mahasatipatthana sutta in Dighanikaya have a different order of the nine charnel ground contemplations compared with Agamas. The order of observing the body in the early Buddhism (first inside the body, then the elements (mahabhutani),and finally the nine charnel ground contemplations) was a whole view of Kayanupassana and made a new development called Wu-Ting-Hsin-Kuan. The development of observing inside the body comes to observation ofexternal body, the nine charnel ground contemplations, and the charnel ground contemplations mentioned in Agama can be seen as the basis of the Nine Images Observation which is emphasized in Chinese Buddhism.