The Progenitor of all Dharma Protectors: Buddhist Śaivism in Lelung Zhepe Dorje’s Ocean of Oath-Bound Protectors
0
조회
0
다운로드
1
인용
0
참고문헌
키워드
초록
This article aims to contextualize and summarize the opening chapter of Sle lung bzhad pa’i rdo rje’s (1697-1740) text, the Dam can bstan srung rgya mtsho’i rnam thar (The Liberation Stories of the Ocean of Oath-Bound Dharma Protectors, henceforth “DCTS”). This text is especially fascinating and unique in pre-modern Tibetan literature for a number of reasons. One of its more interesting features is how the opening chapter focuses on the nominally non-Buddhist god Śiva, whom Sle lung identifies as a supreme dharmapala, or protector of the Buddhist Dharma. While space does not allow for a full translation of this chapter, I will give a summary overview of it, in particular highlighting the scriptural sources Sle lung draws from, as well as analyzing his specific theological arguments. Finally, I will argue that the choice to place Śiva first in this text, and Sle lung’s extended theological treatment of him, was motivated by Śiva’s particular connection to a specific Rnying ma tantric lineage in which Sle lung was an initiate and practitioner.
Abstract
This article aims to contextualize and summarize the opening chapter of Sle lung bzhad pa’i rdo rje’s (1697-1740) text, the Dam can bstan srung rgya mtsho’i rnam thar (The Liberation Stories of the Ocean of Oath-Bound Dharma Protectors, henceforth “DCTS”). This text is especially fascinating and unique in pre-modern Tibetan literature for a number of reasons. One of its more interesting features is how the opening chapter focuses on the nominally non-Buddhist god Śiva, whom Sle lung identifies as a supreme dharmapala, or protector of the Buddhist Dharma. While space does not allow for a full translation of this chapter, I will give a summary overview of it, in particular highlighting the scriptural sources Sle lung draws from, as well as analyzing his specific theological arguments. Finally, I will argue that the choice to place Śiva first in this text, and Sle lung’s extended theological treatment of him, was motivated by Śiva’s particular connection to a specific Rnying ma tantric lineage in which Sle lung was an initiate and practitioner.
참고문헌 (52)
- "BRGB: Sle lung Rje drung Bzhad pa’i rdo rje. 1983-1985. Sle lung rje drung bzhad pa’i rdo rje’i gsung ’bum. 13 vols. Leh: T. Sonam & D.L. Tashigang", ~
- "DCTS: Sle lung Rje drung Bzhad pa’i rdo rje. Dam can bstan srung rgya mtsho’i rnam par thar pa cha shas tsam brjod pa sngon med legs bshad. 2 vols" (1979), T. S. Tashigang
- "DCTS: Sle lung Rje drung Bzhad pa’i rdo rje. Dam can bstan srung rgya mtsho’i rnam par thar pa cha shas tsam brjod pa sngon med legs bshad. 2 vols" (2003), Nationalities Languages Press
- "LVS: Dharmachakra Translation Committee. A Play in Full: Lalitavistara. Published by 84000", ~
- "NGB (M): Rnying ma rgyud ’bum (mtshams brag dgon pa’i bris ma). TBRC: W21521. 46 vols", National Library, Royal Government of Bhutan, ~ (1982)
- "TCKD: ’Gter bdag gling pa ’Gyur med rdo rje. 1975. Thugs rje chen po bde gshegs kun ’dus kyi chos skor. 4 vols", Ven. D.G. Khochen Trulku, ~ (1975)
- Bailey, Cameron, "A Tibetan Protector Deity Theogony : An Eighteenth Century ‘Explicit’ Buddhist Pantheon and Some of its Political Aspects", Revue d’Etudes Tibétaines, 37, pp.13~28 (2016)
- Bailey, Cameron., "A Feast for Scholars: The Life and Works of Sle lung Bzhad pa’irdo rje", Ph.D., pp.2017
- Bhattacharyya, Benoytosh, "Niṣpannayogāvalī" (1949), Oriental Institute
- Berger, Patricia, "Empire of Emptiness: Buddhist Art and Political Authority in Qing China" (2003), University of Hawai’i Press
- Bisschop, Peter, "Buddhist and Śaiva Interactions in the Kali Age : The Śivadharmaśāstra as a Source of the Kāraṇḍavyūhasūtra", Indo-Iranian Journal, 61, pp.396~410 (2018)
- Boord, Martin J., "Gathering the Elements: Vajrakīla Texts of the Northern Treasures Tradition Volume One" (2013), Wandel Verlag
- Chandra, Lokesh, "Dictionary of Buddhist Iconography. 15 vols. Śata-piṭaka Series: Indo-Asian Literatures vols. 601-616" (2005), International Academy of ndian Culture and Aditya Prakashan
- Clark, Walter E., "Two Lamaistic Pantheons. 2 vols" (1965), Paragon Book
- Cuevas, Bryan, "The All-Pervading melodious Drumbeat: The Life of Ra Lotsawa", Penguin Classics
- The Taming of the Demons : Violence and Liberation in Tibetan Buddhism, "Dalton, Jacob", Yale University, ~ (2011)
- Dalton, Jacob., "The Gathering of Intentions: A History of a Tibetan Tantra" (2016), Columbia University Press
- Davidson, Ronald, "Reflections on the Maheśvara Subjugation Myth: Indic Materials, Sa-skya-pa Apologetics, and the Birth of the Heruka", Journal of the International Association of Buddhist Studies, 14(2), pp.197~235 (1991)[DOI]
- DeCaroli, Robert, "Haunting the Buddha: Indian Popular Religions and the Formation of Buddhism" (2004), Oxford University Press
- Dhargyay, Lobsang, "The Twelve Deeds of the Buddha – A Controversial Hymn ascribed to Nagarjuna", The Tibet Journal, 9(2), pp.3~12 (1984)
- Douglas, Kenneth, "The Life and Liberation of Padmasambhava" (1978), Dharma Publishing
- Dorje, Gyurme., "The Guhyagarbhatattvaviniścayamahātantra and its XIVth Century Tibetan Commentary: Phyogs bcu mun sel", Ph.D., pp.1987
- Farrow, G.W., "The Concealed Essence of the Hevajra Tantra: With the Commentary Yogaratnamala" (2001), Motilal Banarsidass
- Two Esoteric Sutras: The Adamantine Pinnacle Sutra and the Susiddhikara Sutra, "Giebel, Rolf W.", Numata Center for Buddhist Translation and Research, ~ (2001)
- The Vairocanābhisaṃbodhi Sutra, "Giebel, Rolf W. .", Numata Center for Buddhist Translation and Research, ~ (2005)
- Gray, David, "On Supreme Bliss: A Study of the History and Interpretation of the Cakrasaṃvara Tantra", Ph.D., pp.2001
- Harding, Sarah, "The Life and Revelations of Pema Lingpa" (2003), Snow Lion Publications
- Hirshberg, Daniel A., "Remembering the Lotus-Born : Padmasambhava in the History of Tibet’s Golden Age" (2016), Wisdom Publications
- Hodge, Stephen, "The Mahā-vairocana-abhisaṃbodhi Tantra: with Buddhaguhya’s Commentary" (2003), RoutledgeCurzon
- Illich, Marina, "Selections from the life of a Tibetan Buddhist Polymath: Chankya Rolpai Dorje (lcangskya rol pa’i rdo rje), 1717-1786", Ph.D., pp.2006
- Iyanaga, Nobumi, "Tantric and Taoist Studies in Honour of RA. Stein, vol. 3" (1985), Institut Belge des Hautes Études Chinoises
- Kapstein, Matthew, "The Tibetan Assimilation of Buddhism: Conversion, Contestation, and Memory", pp.163~177 (2000), Oxford University Press
- Kunsang, Erik Pema, "The Lotus-Born: The Life Story of Padmasambhava" (2004), Rangjung Yeshe Publications
- Lama Chönam, "The Guhyagarbha Tantra: Secret Essence Definitive Nature Just As It Is" (2011), Snow Lion
- Lohia, Sushama, "Lalitavajra’s Manual of Buddhist Iconography. Śata-piṭaka Series: Indo-Asian Literatures vol. 379", pp.379~ (1994), International Academy of Indian Culture and Aditya Prakashan
- Mallinson, James, "Kālavañcana in the Konkan: How a Vajrayāna Haṭhayoga Tradition Cheated Buddhism’s Death in India", Religions, 10, pp.273~ (2019)
- Mallinson, James, "Śaivism and the Tantric Traditions: A Festschrift for Alexis Sanderson", Brill
- Mayer, Robert, "The Figure of Maheśvara", Rudra in ther Ñiṅ-ma-pa Tantric Tradition, 1998, pp.21(2), 271~310
- Nebesky-Wojkowitz, Rene de., "Oracles and Demons of Tibet : The Cult and Iconography of the Tibetan Protective Deities" (1996), Book Faith India
- Sanderson, Alexis, "Vajrayāna: Origin and Function", Buddhism into the Year 2000: International Conference Proceedings, pp.89~102 (2000), Dhammakāya Foundation
- Sanderson, Alexis., "Genesis and Development of Tantrism", pp.41~349 (2009), Institute of Oriental Culture, University of Tokyo. Institute of Oriental Culture Special Series
- Schaeffer, Kurtis R, "The Attainment of Immortality: From Nāthas in India to Buddhists in Tibet", Journal of Indian Philosophy, 30, pp.515~533 (2002)
- Shastri, J. L., "The Śiva Purāṇa. 4 vols" (1950), Motilal Banarsidass
- Shaw, Miranda Eberle, "Buddhist Goddesses of India" (2006), Princeton University Press
- Srinivasan, Doris M, "Vedic Rudra-Śiva", Journal of the American Oriental Society, 103(3), pp.543~556 (1983)
- Stein, R. A, "La soumission de Rudra et autres contes tantriques", Journal Asiatique, 283(1), pp.121~160 (1995)[DOI]
- Studholme, Alexander., "The Origins of Oṃ Manipadme Hūṃ : AStudy of the Kāraṇḍavyūha Sūtra" (2002), SUNY
- Tanaka, Kimiaki, "An Illustrated History of the Mandala : From its Genesis to the Kalacakratantra" (2018), Wisdom Publications
- Willson, Martin, "Deities of Tibetan Buddhism: The Zürich Paintings of the Icons Worth while to See (Bris sku mthoṅ ba don ldan)" (2000), Wisdom Publications
- Zimmer, Heinrich, "Philosophies of India" (1989), Princeton University Press