팬데믹과 국제물품매매에 관한 국제연합 협약 제79조의 면책
Pandemic and the Exemption of Liability Under Article 79 of CISG
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초록
코로나 바이러스로 인한 팬데믹 상황에서 각국은 영업제한 또는 금지와 이동제한 명령 등을 국제물품계약의 이행에 중대한 영향을 미칠 수 있는 조치를 한 바 있다. 유사한 팬데믹이 앞으로도 추가로 발생할 수 있다는 경고도 있다. 심각한 팬데믹을 경험한 이후로, 국제매매계약에서 팬데믹이 국제물품매매에 관한 국제연합 협약(이하 ʻ협약ʼ)이 규정한 불가항력으로 볼 수 있는지 여부가 문제되므로, 협약의 국제적 성격을 고려하여 국제물품매매계약에서의 불가항력에 대한 각국의 협약 제79조의 해석 동향을 검토할 필요가 있다. 협약은 상사매매의 특별법이므로, 협약이 적용되는 상인간의 국제물품매매에 대하여는 상법에 우선하여 적용된다. 특히 협약 제79조에서 불가항력과 관련하여 규정한 ʻ장애(impediment)ʼ의 의미와 요건의 해석과 적용에 있어서는 국내법에 따르지 아니하고 협약이 갖는 독자성에 따라서 국제적인 성격을 고려하여 동 협약의 취지에 맞고 국제적 정합성에 부합하는 해석이 필요하다. COVID-19 팬데믹으로 인한 국제물품매매계약의 불이행과 관련하여, 협약 제79조와 관련한 불가항력 또는 통제할 수 없는 장애에 의한 면책에 대한 관심이 증가하였고, 팬데믹으로 인한 계약 불이행은 일견 협약 제79조의 구조상 통제할 수 없는 장애로서 동조의 면책요건을 갖출 수 있을 것으로 보인다. 그러나 과거 협약 제79조의 면책여부가 쟁점이 된 사건에서 협약 제79조의 면책요건을 매우 엄격하게 해석하여 정부조치를 포함하여 대부분 면책을 인정하지 않았다. 이러한 각국의 판례의 경향을 감안하면, 앞으로 유사한 팬데믹 상황이 발생하더라도, 협약 제79조의 통제할 수 없는 장애의 요건을 갖출 수 있다고 하더라도 예견불가능성이나 회피불가능성은 현재와 같이 거의 인정되지 않을 것으로 보인다. 팬데믹 상황에서 중국은 불가항력 증명서를 발급하여 국내 계약에 대하여 면책의 증명과 인정이 쉽게 이루어지도록 극단적인 조치를 취한 바 있으나, 이는 국내거래에만 적용되므로 협약 제79조가 적용되는 국제물품매매계약에서는 협약 제79조가 엄격하게 적용될 수밖에 없다. 협약 제79조를 팬데믹 상황에 적용하는데 있어서 국제적인 판례의 경향이 변하지 않는 한 앞으로 팬데믹 등 감염병이 유행하는 경우에 이로 인하여 계약이행이 매우 곤란하더라도 당사자가 이를 불가항력으로 인정받아 책임을 면하고자 하는 기대에 부응하기는 어려울 것이다. 협약 제79조의 매우 엄격한 해석을 피하려면, 특약으로 불가항력 조항을 사용하여 팬데믹을 불가항력 사유의 하나로 명시하고, 그 효과까지 규정하는 형태로 대비할 필요성이 있다. COVID-19 팬데믹의 피해와 정부조치로 인한 계약이행 곤란의 경험을 통하여, 감염병의 국가별, 지역별, 세계적 발병이 빈번해지는 것을 고려하여, 국제물품매매계약에서도 불가항력 조항이 천재지변 등을 중심으로 불가항력의 예시를 규정해온 과거의 경향을 탈피하여, 앞으로는 감염병의 유행에 대비한 팬데믹, 엔데믹, 에피데믹 등을 개별 불가항력 사유로 명시하는 것이 증가할 것으로 예상된다.
Abstract
In the pandemic situation caused by the COVID-19, each country has taken measures that can have a significant impact on the performance of international sale of goods, such as business restrictions or bans and movement restriction orders. There are also warnings that additional similar pandemics may occur in the future. After experiencing a serious pandemic, it is an issue whether the pandemic can be considered a force majeure or impediment stipulated by the United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods (hereinafter referred to as the ʻʻCISGʼʼ), taking into account the international nature of the CISG. There is a need to review trends in the interpretation of Article 79 of the CISG on impediments in international sales contracts cases in each country courts and arbitration tribunals. Since the CISG is a special law on commercial sales, it takes precedence over the Korean Commercial Code for international sales of goods between merchants to which the CISG applies. In particular, the interpretation and application of the meaning and requirements of ʻimpedimentʼ stipulated in Article 79 of the CISG in relation to force majeure are not governed by domestic law, but should be consistent with the purpose of the CISG, taking into account its international nature and according to the autonomy of the CISG. In relation to the breach of contracts for the international sale of goods due to the COVID-19 pandemic, interest in exemption by a force majeure or impediment beyond control related to Article 79 of the CISG has increased. A failure to perform any of the obligation of contracts due to the pandemic appears that it can meet the requirements for exemption of Article 79 of the CISG as an impediment beyond control based on the structure of the Article. However, in past cases where exemption under Article 79 of the CISG was an issue, the requirements of Article 79 of the CISG were interpreted very strictly and most events, including government measures, were not recognized as impediment. Considering these trends in each countryʼs cases on CISG, when a similar pandemic situation occurs in the future, even if it meets the requirements of an impediment beyond control in Article 79 of the CISG, unforeseeability or unavoidability will hardly be recognized. In the context of the pandemic, China has taken extreme measures to make it easier to prove and recognize exemption for domestic contracts by issuing force majeure certificates. Since this applies only to domestic transactions in China, it is not applicable to international sales contracts where Article 79 of the CISG applies. Article 79 of the CISG will still be strictly applied to the international cases. In applying Article 79 of the CISG to a pandemic situation, unless the trend of international precedent changes in the future, when an infectious disease such as a pandemic becomes prevalent, even if performance of the contract is very difficult due to it, the parties expectation to avoid the liability as an force majeure will not be met. In order to avoid a very strict interpretation of Article 79 of the CISG, it is recommended to use a force majeure clause in the contract to specify the pandemic as one of the force majeure events and to provide for its effects. Considering the harm caused by the COVID-19 pandemic and difficulties in contract performance due to government measures, and considering the increasing frequency of infectious diseases in each country, region, and world, force majeure clauses in international sales contracts need to be changed from the past trend that does not specifically provide pandemic as an example of force majeure events. It is expected that in the future, it will be increase to provide specific force majeure events in the contract such as pandemics, endemics, and epidemics in preparation for the impediments during the spread of infectious diseases.
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