온라인 학습자가 인식하는 실재감이 자기조절효능감과 주도적 참여를 매개로 성취도와 만족도에 미치는 영향
Effects of online learners' presence perception on academic achievement and satisfaction mediated by self-efficacy for self-regulated learning and agentic engagement
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본 연구는 온라인 수업에서 학습자가 지각하는 실재감이 자기조절효능감과 주도적 참여로 대표되는 능동적 동기와 학업성취도 및 만족도에 미치는 영향력을 규명하고자 하였다. 나아가 능동적 동기요인이 실재감과 학습성과 사이에 매개변인으로 작용하는지 확인하고자 하였다. 코로나-19로 인해 2020학년도 1학기 전면 온라인 강의를 수강 중인 대학생 204명을 대상으로 교수실재감과 사회적 실재감, 자기조절효능감, 주도적참여, 인지된 학업성취도와 만족도를 조사하였으며 변인들 간의 관계를 검증하기 위해 경로분석을 실시하였다. 그 결과, 첫째, 교수실재감은 성취도와 만족도를 예측하였으나 사회적 실재감은 지각된 성취도만 정적으로 예측하는 것으로 나타났다. 보다 구체적으로 교수실재감 중 설계와 조직의 학습성과에 대한 직접효과가 가장 두드러졌으며 사회적 실재감 하위구인 중에는 정서적 표현만이 성취도를 유의미하게 예측하였다. 둘째, 교수실재감과 사회적 실재감 모두 매개변인인 자기조절효능감과 주도적 참여를 정적으로 예측하는 것으로 나타났다. 셋째, 실재감과 학습효과 간의 관계에서 자기조절효능감의 매개효과는 유의한 것으로 확인되었으나 주도적 참여의 매개효과는 통계적으로 유의하지 않은 것으로 나타났다. 결과를 통해 온라인 학습자의 교수실재감과 사회적 실재감의 효과적인 학습에 대한 직접적 영향력을 재확인할 수 있었다. 온라인 수업과 같이 학습자의 학습자율권과 통제권이 강화된 상황에서는 학습자가 스스로의 학습을 조절할 수 있다고 믿는 신념이 능동적 동기요인으로서 중요하게 작동하는 것을 발견하였다. 이때, 학습자의 교수실재감과 사회적 실재감이 능동적 동기를 촉진시킴으로써 학습성과를 높이는 잠재적 동기기제를 파악할 수 있었다. 이를 토대로 온라인 학습자의 교수실재감과 사회적 실재감을 향상시키기 위한 온라인 수업 설계 및 운영 전략 활용의 중요성을 제고하였다.
Abstract
We aimed to investigate how online learners' perception of teaching presence and social presence are associated with perceived academic achievement and course satisfaction. We also explored the extent to which self-efficacy for self-regulated learning and agentic engagement, arguably the most important agency motivation in online learning, would mediate the relationship. A total of 204 college students taking online courses due to the COVID-19 participated in the present study. Participants responded to online survey items asking teaching presence, social presence, self-efficacy for self-regulated learning, agentic engagement, perceived academic achievement, and course satisfaction. Two path models were analyzed: one with mean scores of teaching and social presence and the other one with subdimensions of teaching and social presence. Results showed that teaching presence positively predicted both achievement and satisfaction, while social presence positively predicted only achievement. More precisely, the direct effects of teaching presence: design & organization on both learning outcomes were remarkable and the direct effect of social presence: affective expression on achievement was significant. Teaching and social presence also positively predicted self-efficacy for self-regulated learning and agentic engagement. Significant mediation effects of self-efficacy for self-regulated learning between both presence and learning outcomes were found, but none of agentic engagement was found. The current findings replicated the importance of presence in online learning settings, where learners' autonomy and controllability is maximized. For this reason, online learners' agentic motivational belief that they can control and regulate their learning process and outcomes plays a critical role. Our findings suggest that online learners' perceived presence can enhance students' agency motivation, which in turn boosts their effective learning.
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