우토로 방화사건과 혐오범죄를 통하여 보는 일본의 국제인권법위반과 과제
Japan’s Violation of International Human Rights Law and the ChallengesAhead through the Utoro Arson Case and Hate Crimes in Japan
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초록
올해(2023년)는 간토대진재(関東大震災)가 발생한지 100년이 되는 해이다. 1923년 9월 1일, 일본 수도권을 중심으로 발생한 최대 규모의 지진은 커다란 인명피해를 초래하였다. 지진 직후 “조선인이 우물에 독을 넣었다”, “조선인이 여기저기서 약탈을 행하고 있다” 등의 유언비어가 확산되어 아무런 죄 없는 재일한국인들이 대량 학살되었다. 이는 한국인을 향한 집단살해(제노사이드)의 한 사례이다. 100년이 지난 지금도 일본에서는 간토대진재 때의 한국인 대학살을 연상시키는 혐오범죄가 곳곳에서 일어나고 있다. 특히 2000년대 이후 인터넷과 정보통신 기술의 발달과 더불어 재일한국인을 향한 혐오는 더 심화되고 확산되어 가는 추세이다. 본고는 일본 혐오사건의 대표적인 사례로 알려진 2009년 교토조선학교 습격사건과 이후 발생한 혐오범죄 사건 및 관련 판결에 대한 국제인권법적 분석과 함께 이러한 혐오범죄 사건들의 연장선상에서 일본의 상황이 현재 어느 단계에 이르렀는지를 보여주는 상징적인 사례로 2021년 우토로 방화사건과 그 판결을 소개한다. 이러한 분석은 일본에서 재일한국인에 대한 혐오범죄가 어떻게 발생하고 있으며 이에 대한 일본 정부의 태도와 관련하여 국제인권법상 어떠한 문제가 있는지, 이를 바탕으로 혐오범죄 규제의 필요성, 혐오범죄를 규제하기 위한 국제인권법상 과제와 해결방안을 제시하는 것이다.
Abstract
The year 2023 marks 100 years since the Great Kanto Earthquake in Japan. On 1 September 1923, the largest earthquake to hit Japan's capital region caused great loss of life. Immediately after the earthquake, rumours such as “Koreans poisoned the wells”, “Koreans are looting here and there“ etc. spread, leading to the mass murder of innocent Koreans. This is an example of genocide against Korean residents in Japan. More than 100 years later, hate crimes reminiscent of the Korean genocide during the Great Kanto Earthquake are still occurring in Japan. Especially since the 2000s, with the development of the Internet and communication technologies, the hatred against Korean minorities in Japan has become more intense and widespread. This article introduces the Kyoto Korean school case in 2009 and its subsequent hate case rulings, which have recently led to the recognition of hatred as a social problem in Japan. On the ground of such trend, Utoro arson had happened in August 2021. Utoro arson case can be placed as an extension of the trend, and it has significant meaning to show where Japan is now. This aiming to illustrate how hate crimes against Korean in Japan have been dealt with in Japan, what is the problems in the lens of international human rights law, and the challenges ahead.
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