현대영미분석철학의 헤겔주의적 전회: 왜 칸트가 아니라 헤겔인가?
The Hegelian Turn of the Contemporary Anglo-American Analytic Philosophy: Why Hegel rather than Kant?
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이 논문의 주목적은 현대영미철학이 어떻게 발전되어 왔으며, 최근에 일단의 영미철학자들이 왜 칸트주의에서 벗어나 헤겔주의로 전회하게 됐는지를 설명하는 것이다. 또한 이들의 철학이 어떤 의미에서 헤겔적인지를 설명하는 것이다. 칸트는 감성과 지성의 종합을 통해서만 인식이 가능하다고 주장한다. 따라서 칸트의 견해는 개념체계와 독립적인 진리는 알 수 없다는 일종의 주관주의에 직면한다. 또한 현상계 너머의 물자체에 대해 전혀 알 수 없다는 물자체에 대한 회의주의에 직면한다. 현대영미철학도 유사한 문제에 직면한다. 개념체계와 독립적인 진리가 없다는 직관을 받아들이게 되면, 반실재론의 입장을 취해야 하고, 이것은 상대주의의 문제에 직면한다. 반면에 상대주의를 넘어선 객관적 진리가 있다는 직관을 받아들이게 되면 실재론의 입장을 취해야 한다. 그렇지만 개념체계와 독립적인 진리를 어떻게 알 수 있는지의 문제에 직면하게 된다. 실재론의 직관과 반실재론의 직관 중 그 어느 쪽도 포기하기 어렵기 때문에, 지금껏 영미철학은 실재론과 반실재론 사이의 오랜 갈등과 반목을 겪어 왔다. 칸트 철학이 직면하는 주관주의와 회의주의의 문제를 극복하고자 한 대표적인 철학자가 헤겔이다. 헤겔의 절대적 관념론은 현상계와 본체계의 이원론을 거부함으로써, 물자체에 대한 회의주의를 해결한다. 또한 헤겔은 칸트주의가 함축하는 주관주의적 또는 상대주의적 요소를 인간지식에 대한 사회이론과 변증법을 통해 극복한다. 헤겔에 의하면 우리의 개념체계는 끊임없는 변증법적 과정을 통해 이성과 실재가 일치하는 상태에 도달할 수 있다. 이 같은 헤겔적 통찰을 이용해 셀라스, 브랜덤, 맥도웰과 같은 영미철학자들은 반실재론과 실재론 사이의 오랜 갈등을 해결하고자 한다.
Abstract
The main purpose of this paper is to explain how the contemporary Anglo-American philosophy has developed so far, and why recently a group of Anglo-American philosophers gave up Kantianism and turned to Hegelianism, and, moreover, in what sense they are Hegelian. According to Kant, knowledge is possible only through the synthesis of sensibility and understanding. Thus his view faces a sort of subjectivism in the sense that we cannot know a truth independent of our conceptual scheme. In addition, it faces skepticism regarding things in themselves, which are beyond the phenomenal world. Contemporary analytic philosophy faces similar problems. If we accepts the intuition that there is no truth independent of a conceptual scheme, we have to accept anti-realism, which faces the problem of relativism. If we accept the intuition that there is an objective truth beyond relativism, we have to accept realism. But we have to explain how we can have knowledge independently of our conceptual scheme. We can hardly deny either of these intuitions to the effect that there has been an irreconcilable conflict between realism and anti-realism in contemporary analytic philosophy. It is Hegel who shows how to overcome the problems of subjectivism and skepticism with Kant's philosophy. Hegel's absolute idealism overcomes the skepticism of things in themselves by rejecting the dualism of the phenomenal world and the noumenal world. In addition, he overcomes the subjective or relativistic elements of Kant's philosophy by appealing to a social account of human knowledge and the dialectical process. According to Hegel, our conceptual system can reach the stage in which reason coincides with reality. Anglo-American philosophers such as Sellars, Brandom, and McDowell want to overcome the conflict between realism and anti-realism through Hegelian insights of this sort.
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