성서일과로 본 시편의 활용에 관한 모색
A Practical Use of the Book of Psalms
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이 연구의 목표는 시편의 활용을 예배에서는 물론 생활에서도 찾으려는 데 둔다. 시편 연구는 궁켈 이후 분석적 방법론이 우세한 상황이다. 유대교와 중세 수도원에서는 시편 150편 전체를 경전의 틀에서 활용한 전통이 유지되었다. 시편의 분석적 연구가 역사성과 관련하여 시편의 새로운 이해를 도왔지만 실제 활용은 상대적으로 적을 수밖에 없었다. 따라서 이 논문은 유대교의 성서일과, 중세 동방교회의 시편 활용, 그리고 가톨릭의 성무일과를 중심으로 시편이 어떻게 쓰였는지 살핀다. 성서일과는 절기에 따라 시편을 읽도록 구성한 것으로 교파의 신학과 특색이 드러난다. 특히 유대교의 3년 주기 일과표는 일찍이 정기적인 독서를 통하여 시편 읽기의 중요성을 일깨웠고, 동방교회는 시편의 분량에 따라 본문을 신축성 있게 배열한 점이 눈에 띄며, 제2차 바티칸 공의회 이후 가톨릭은 중세의 복잡한 시편활용을 간소화하여 현대인들에게 어필할 수 있는 장치를 마련했다는 특징이 있다. 이 연구의 성과는 시편을 생활 속에서 실천하는 수행적인 방식으로 활용하며 이해할 수 있게 안내한다는 사실이다. 중세의 성서읽기는 동양적 고전낭독에 비견할 수 있다. 즉 시편의 정기적인 낭독은 생활에 스며들게 하는 수련으로 결국 하나님을 만나고 합일하는 과정을 제도적으로 실천한 것이다.
Abstract
The Psalms is a collection that Israelites sang variously toward God. A close look shows that Psalms is consisted of 5 books; Book I 1-41, Book II 42-72, Book III 73-89, Book IV 90-106, Book V 107-150. Why is the Psalms divided into 5 Books? It is often said that David, presumably regarded the author of the Psalms, is responsible for the five books just as the pentateuch of Moses. In recent research, however, it shows that the division is related to communal readings by 3 years cycle. It suggests how deeply the Psalms has a large impact on Israel individually and communally as well. Later, Western church and Orthodox church of medieval times began to follow Judaic tradition. In this respect, a comparative study of the two traditions is also necessary. Meanwhile, theopoetics is a technical term that articulates Yhwh as origin of revelation and mystery as real life through poetic emotion. It gives a new perspective to understand the Psalms radically. First, theopoetics can inspire poetic imagination that the collection of Psalms is a record of the human quest for God, but not an object of historical criticism. Second, it distinguishes communication of the Psalms from that of the Pentateuch and Prophets. In short, the last two are divine teachings and proclamation toward Israel, whereas the former is Israelite responses and confessions toward God. Nonetheless, the Psalms is consisted with a part of biblical canon. If so, how do the Psalms as canon play a role in a daily life? The conclusion I came to in this study is that Israelite read the Psalms regularly and repeatedly as an annual reciting biblical passage. It is difficult the Psalm when you read it unaccustomedly. Thus, ancient biblical community takes an assigned portion of the Psalms routinely every 3 years. Then the regular reading will shed light on every word of the Psalms. Now the dutiful reciting of the Psalms becomes duty of a devotee, and further the text of the Psalms becomes a texture in a daily life simultaneously. This is why Hieronimous called the Psalms as the Grand Temple. The Psalms lectionary is to name performative and discipline reading.
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