시편 80편의 다의성: 탄식시에서 제왕시로
The Equivocality of Psalm 80: From Communal Lament to Royal Psalm
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본 논문은 시 80편의 다의성을 문학적-정경비평적 관점에서 고찰하고 있다. 북이스라엘 지파들의 제의시편으로부터 유래된 시 80편은 복잡한 전승과정을 거쳐 현재 어색한 구절들의(특히, 15[17]절과 17[18절]) 나열로서 주석가의 분석을 기다리고 있다. 본 연구에서는 본문비평적 작업에 의해 본문의 원래의 모습을 재구성하는 대신 현재 본문의 어색함을 다의적 요소로 수용하면서 정경비평적 관점에서 본문의 문학적 구성과 메시지를 이해하려 하였다. 이를 통해 본문은 공동체의 탄식시에서 제왕시로의 장르의 재규정이 불가피함을 논증하였고 더불어 새로운 왕의 통치를 주제로 하는 메시아사상과의 연관성 또한 밝힐 수 있었다.
Abstract
The purpose of this paper is to delve into the equivocality of Psalm 80. It has been discussed that psalm 80 is a communal lament derived from the Northern Tribal cultic settings. However, verses 16 and 18(MT versification) demonstrate evident expressions of Messianic terms such as “the one at your right hand” or “the son of man strengthened by God” which must have been used in Southern Kingdom in relation to the Davidic Covenant. How does a psalm contain both traditions of Northern and Southern Kingdom? Also, what does “the son of man” whom God strengthens signify? Is he the king of Northern or Southern monarchy? Or is he the future Messiah who will rebuild the whole Israelite community? In order to respond these questions the paper first discuss the characteristics of equivocality of psalm 80. Due to the complicated history of literary transmissions of the psalm, the text displays a complexity that any specific methodology of interpretation could dissolve. That is why this paper utilizes a literary-canonical criticism to exegete the text. Because the literary critical perspective regards the text as it is. It considers the contradictions and disparities of a text as a signal for some changes in the literary context resulting in new meanings for each canonical community. Second, the structure of the third Book of Psalm which is composed of 17 psalms has been analyzed. We have found that the 17 psalms form a chiasmus centering psalm 81, which in the only communal praise in the third corpus. Our text psalm 80 includes the central psalm 81 with the other pair of psalm 82. It is surprising that both psalm 80 and 82 emerge as “Royal Psalms.” It demands that the psalm 80 should be read as in the royal psalms instead of communal psalms. Third, the doublet of verses 16 and 18 have been interpreted by a rhetorical critical methods. Even though the two verses seem to be miswritten in repetition, the literary context shows an intentional significant change of the meaning of “the stock” in verse 16. As the word is changed from “son”(!B) in 16 to “son of man”(~d"a'-!B) in 18, the meaning of the vine in is transformed from Israelite community to future messianic king. Finally, it mentions about three messianic points that the psalm 80 signifies. They are its relationships with the Nathan oracle in 2 Samuel 7, with the concept of Saviour in the future and with “the One who is right side of God” in Psalm 110:1. The paper is concluded with two points. One is that the literary-canonical reading is an appropriate interpretative tool to elucidate the equivocal meanings of psalm 80. The other one is that the future study of psalm 80 should be concerned with a deeper level of investigations on the tradition of the “Son of Man” in relation to psalms 8, 89, 110 and other prophetic literature as well as Daniel 7.
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