인터폴 100년의 성과진단 및 발전방안

Abstract

To inspire, connect and empower the law enforcement institutions, Interpol was created 100 years ago, in Monaco. In the beginning, from 14 to 18 April 1914, the First International Criminal Police Congress took place, at the invitation of His Serene Highness Prince Albert of Monaco. In the mid-19th century, the development of communications and the economic upheaval that came about as a consequence of industrial expansion in Europe ushered in a new form of crime that disregarded national borders and crossed into every country. For this reason, Interpol was set up to help in locating and arresting fugitives. Since 1914, Interpol has fought crime and pooled operational resources to improve its effectiveness and therefore, to build a safer world. This thesis is to evaluate the Interpol’s effectiveness for enhancing the safety of the world. Effectiveness evaluation involves a lot of studies and investigation of materials regarding the operations and management of Interpol. For this Thesis, I selected the 12 hopes of expressed at the first International Criminal Police Congress, in April 1914, Monaco, as the criteria of evaluation of the Interpol 100 year performance. 12 hopes are about (a) General police cooperation matters, (b) Identification system, (c ) Creation of centralized international records, (d) Extradition. Over the past 100 years, technology and police tools have been transformed beyond recognition. Principles from 1914 remain fundamental to the work of INTERPOL today. Below are the goals from the meeting in 1914 and 100 year’s achievements by INTERPOL. The Congress expressed the wish to improve direct contacts between police forces in different countries, in order to facilitate investigations that crossed geographical borders. Now, National Central Bureaus (NCBs) have become the lifeblood of INTERPOL. NCBs cooperate together on cross-border investigations, operations and arrests and share vital police information on a daily basis. The Congress recognized the need for swift communications between countries if criminals were to be quickly located and arrested. It expressed the wish that judicial and police authorities should be able to use international post, telegram and telephone services free of charge. In 2014, Communications technology has evolved immeasurably over the past century. Morse code is firmly consigned to the past as INTERPOL now connects the world’s police via I-24/7, which also gives NCBs real-time access to INTERPOL’s range of databases. The Congress realized a common language needed to be chosen, in order to harmonize communications between countries. Now, Interpol uses officially French, English, Spanish and Arabic. Training was considered vital, both in terms of training in forensic science for law students, and investigative training for police officers. Today, INTERPOL offers an impressive range of training courses. An online portal, the INTERPOL Global Learning Centre, complements traditional training methods with e-learning modules. Criminals often change their appearance or travel with fraudulent identity documents, the Congress saw the need to document the ‘biological features’ of criminals. Now, INTERPOL maintains a databases of fingerprints and DNA profiles, and stolen and lost travel document, child sexual abuse criminals. The first Interpol Congress recognized the need to create a system of standardized and centralized international records. Today, Interpol provide member countries with instant, direct access to a range of criminal databases. INTERPOL member countries conducted more than 1.2 billion searches of its criminal databases in 2013, accounting for an average overall rate of 3.3 million searches per day or 38 searches per second. Extradition was a key discussion point at the Congress. Today, Red Notices are perhaps INTERPOL’s most useful tool to seek location and arrest of wanted persons with a view to extradition. Swift and secure method to return the criminals to the concerning country is possible through the Interpol Notices and police cooperations. For 100 years, Interpol has achieved a great deal of performance but there are many shortfalls also. So, this thesis recommends 12 items that will further the functions of the Interpol in the future. 1) launch neighbour country police cooperation, 2) enlarge the free police communications, 3) add Interpol official language, 4) support forensic training, 4) add police training schools, 6) develop database security, 7) connect and search databases of neighbouring countries, 8) update the notices frequently to protect human rights, 9) increase the contract among countries, 10) joint fugitive police search operations, 11) preliminary arrest using I-24/7, 12) swiften criminal extradition. In addition, as Ballestrazzi, the current president of Interpol, mentioned, the fight against terrorism, including IS foreign fighter threats, environmental crime, operational, strategic, and ethical matters will be a Interpol’s challenging issues.