재판의 진행·판단에서 법관의 정서에 관하여
Judge’s emotion during trial and judicial decision-making processes
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본고는 재판의 진행과 판단에서 법관의 정서가 담당하는 기능과 역할, 그 영향력을 가늠할 수 있는 기초 이론들을 살펴보고, 구체적 사례를 통하여 법관의 기본적 정서가 작동되는 메커니즘을 규명하려 한다. 정서는 인지/평가, 행동/충동, 감각/느낌의 3가지로 구성되어 있는데, 상호관계에 관한 심리학적 연구결과를 소개한다. 정서를 관장하는 뇌부위에 손상이 생기면 인지적 기능에는 문제가 없더라도 의사결정에 결정적인 오류를 초래하는 과학적 연구결과에 주목한다. 서구 법제권에서 전통적으로 사법적 냉정(Judicial Dispassion)을 미덕으로 삼고 있었으나, 근래에는 법관의 정서가 사법적 의사결정에 긴요하고 중요한 역할을 한다는 인식이 형성되기 시작하였다. 본고는 이러한 학문적 움직임을 바탕으로 나타난 법정서학(Law and Emotion)의 최근 현황과 논의 주제를 살펴본다. 재판에 영향을 미치는 다수의 요소로서 12가지를 추출할 수 있는데, 그 중에 하나인 법관의 정서를 구성하는 노여움, 두려움, 역겨움, 슬픔이라는 4가지 기본 감정이 재판에 미치는 영향력을 분석한다. 노여움과 역겨움은 불공정성에 대한 반감으로 처벌에 대한 강한 확신을 부여하고 직관적 사고를 촉발하여 엄벌 지향적 성향을 높이는 반면, 두려움과 슬픔은 오판에 대한 염려에서 분석적 사고를 유발하고 관대한 결론을 지향하는 등의 유형적 구분이 가능하다. 이에 따라 양형과 배상책임의 과다를 판단하는 데는 물론이고 증거채부와 증명도, 유무죄와 판결결론에 큰 영향력을 미치는 점을 4개의 개별 사안을 통하여 확인한다. 법관은 그러한 정서의 역할을 제대로 자각하지 못하는 경향이 강하다. 그러나 재판과정에서 정서로부터 완전히 벗어날 수 없고 오히려 법관의 정서는 헌법이 예정한 법관상을 구현하고 일반인의 법감정을 재판에 반영할 수 있는 유용한 수단이 될 수 있다. 최근 재판에 알고리즘적 요소를 도입하여야 한다는 움직임이 나타나는 과정에서 법관의 선발과 연수, 법관의 사고와 판단에 대한 깊이 있는 연구가 요망된다.
Abstract
This article first surveys theories that identify the role of a judge’s emotion during trial and judicial decision-making processes; through specific case studies, this study then aims to investigate the mechanism as to how certain emotions are evoked and processed by the judge. Emotion is constituted by the following three—cognition/ decision, action/impulse, sense/feeling—each of which will be discussed along with recent studies in psychology that show how all three are closely interrelated. This article especially focuses on the scientific discovery that emotion is biologically based—when a certain portion of the human brain that governs emotion gets damaged, the patient loses the capacity to make decisions, while he is still capable of cognition. “Judicial dispassion” was traditionally treated as a seminal virtue in Western jurisprudence, but a number of scholars, in recent years, recognized emotion as one that plays a significant function in judicial decision-making. Drawing on recent legal scholarship done on Law and Emotion, this article participates in this contemporary movement that acknowledges and explores the potentially powerful aspects of judicial emotion. Among 12 different factors that can influence the process of trial is emotion experienced by the judge, one that is constituted by four basic kinds—anger, fear, disgust, and empathy. Anger and disgust stem from a sense of contempt against injustices, which then prompt intuitive thinking that invariably tends towards criminal sentencing; fear and sympathy, on the other hand, raise solicitous concern over misjudgment, moving the judge to practice analytical thinking—one that often reaches a more compassionate verdict. It is made clear that these four kinds of emotion govern significantly the process of judging: not only of judging guilty or not guilty, but also sentencing, liability for compensation, and relevance of evidence. Yet, a judge does not always fully recognize emotion’s zone of influence in one’s decision-making. Endorsing the fact that judicial emotion is inevitable can become a way to envision more faithfully the role model of judge inscribed in our constitutional law, and attain consensus of the public in matters of law. In response to another movement in legal scholarship that argues for adopting algorithmic processes in trial, in-depth research in judicial selection, training, and appointment, as well as judicial decision-making processes, are altogether strongly encouraged.
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