백제 무왕시기 익산지역의 방어체계

Abstract

In 「the Sections of Geography (地理志)」 of 『the Chronicles of the Three Kingdoms (三國史記)』, Geumma area of Iksan is recorded as Gemmajeo (金馬渚) of Baekje, while tales of the 30th King Mu in Baekje have been passed down in 「the King Mu Section (武王條)」 of 『the Memorabilia of the Three Kingdoms (三國遺事)』. Besides, ‘an article concerning transfer of the royal capital to Iksan (Geumma)’ is contained in 『Gwanseeumeungheomgi (觀世音應驗記)』, which has not been dealt with in any other domestic history books. Unlike such fragmentary records as these, important ruins like royal palaces, national (royal) temples, royal tombs, and government halls, which were the core facilities of the royal capital during the period of King Mu in Baekje, are distributed throughout Geumma area. It is the objective of this paper to examine the defense system of Iksan Geumma area by means of the relatively unresearched ruins of government halls among the remains in it. In Chapter Ⅱ, the documentaries of wars against Silla (13 episodes) which definitely attracted special attention in the foreign relations with neighboring countries during the 42-year reign (600~641) of King Mu were reviewed through the 「Main Part of Baekje’s Historical Records (百濟本紀)」 in 『the Chronicles of the Three Kingdoms』. Chapter Ⅲ reviewed the distributional status and characteristics of the ruins of government halls in Iksan area. From the review, it was confirmed that the ruins of ancient government halls in Iksan area are concentrated in the districts bisected by the mountainous areas in the Minor Chain of Geumnam Mountains as well as by the areas of Mts. Hamrasan and Mireuksan along the coast of Geumgang River estuary. Particularly in case of Iksan Earthen Fortress (Ogeumsan Mountain Fortress), it is presumed to have played a role as a “refuge castle” of the royal palace according to the relics which were recently excavated and investigated. In Chapter Ⅳ, it was made certain that, judging from distribution of the fortresses in Iksan Geumma area and from location of the streams around Wanggung-ri ruins, Iksan area could be protected by the dual defense system with a focus placed on ‘Wanggung (Royal Palace)’ and ‘Mireuksa Temple’. In other words, it was the defense system for the royal palace where kings resided and for Mireuksa, the national temple. Such dual defense system as described above is believed to have been worked out under careful planning and to have maximized its function by efficiently utilizing the natural conditions of surrounding terrains. Moreover, it is also estimated that the spatial range (in the area of Geumma-myeon) between Wanggung-ri ruins and Mireuksa Temple was designated as a kind of forbidden garden (禁園) to enforce a certain level of national control. In conclusion, it can be said that Wanggung-ri ruins, where the royal palace was built, made active use of the surrounding streams which could satisfactorily meet the locational requirements from a traditional sense, and a defense system was constructed for Mireuksa Temple by constructing fortresses on the traffic routes and using the eastern mountain range for the benefit of view as well. This kind of dual defense system turned out to maximize its effects by linking each other complementarily, not by disconnecting. The connection point with this conclusion is Iksan Earthen Fortress (Ogeumsan Mountain Fortress) in which a seal inscribed with ‘Government Location (首府)’ and fragments of earthenware with inscription of ‘Northern Residence (北舍)’ were discovered from a recent excavation. A seal of the same type was once unearthed from Gwanbuk-ri ruins-Buso Mountain Fortress (royal palace-refuge castle) in Buyeo. Iksan Earthen Fortress is also believed to have been a refuge castle for Wanggung-ri ruins, and there is a traffic route connected to Mireuksa to the north of the fortress. In short, it may be interpreted that the effect of the dual defense system of Iksan area could be maximized by specifying the northern part of the royal palace as a forbidden district, blocking the access of the general public and, by so doing, connecting Iksan Earthen Fortress as refugee castle with the royal palace, eventually placing Mireuksa Temple in the visible range and winning the maximum effect of the defense system for Iksan area.