보건안보 위협에 대한 한국군의 역할과 대응에 관한 고찰: COVID-19를 중심으로
A Study on the Role and Response System of the Korean Army to Health Security Threats: Focusing on the COVID-19
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탈냉전 이후 보건안보는 비전통적 안보위협으로 국가안보의 중요한 요소가 됐고, COVID-19 팬데믹(Pandemic)은 보건안보가 국제안보와 직결된 핵심 요소임을 잘 드러난 사례가 됐다. COVID-19는 민·관·군·경의 통합대응 체계의 필요성이 강조되고, 전시 수준의 국가 총동원령을 요구하는 상황으로 인식되는 계기가 됐다. 이에 한국군은 군 병원 개방, 군 의료진 파견, 방역 지원 등을 통해 국민 생명과 안전을 지키고, 감염 확산 방지와 전투력 유지를 위해서 방역 체계를 강화했다. 하지만 예상치 못한 보건안보 위협 상황에서 군이 수행해야 하는 구체적인 대응 방안과 정책에 대한 연구는 여전히 부족하다. 대체로 기존 연구들은 보건안보의 중요성과 군의 지원 역할을 강조해왔지만, 실질적인 대응 방안 제시에는 한계가 있었다. 이에 본 논문에서는 COVID-19을 계기로 보건안보 위협에 직면한 한국군의 역할을 체계적으로 분석해보고, 유사한 보건안보 위기 발생 시 군의 효과적인 대응 방안을 제시했다. 또한, 유럽, 미국, 일본, 중국 등 주요 국가들의 COVID-19 대응 사례 분석과 시사점을 중심으로 한국군의 대응과 방향 설정에 활용했다. 결과적으로 향후 COVID-19와 같은 신종 감염병이라는 비전통적 안보 상황에서 제한적이지만 한국군의 전투력을 유지하기 위한 대비 방안, 민군협력 체계 강화, 감염병 대응을 위한 교육훈련 확대 및 재난대응 역량 강화, 군 병원의 감염병 전담병원 전환 등 효율적인 방안을 도출했다.
Abstract
After the post-Cold War, health security became an important element of national security due to non-traditional security threats, and the COVID-19 Pandemic became a case that showed that health security is a key element directly connected to international security. In particular, non-traditional threats such as infectious diseases, natural disasters, and climate change are difficult to predict and are an important key element of national security in that they can seriously affect national infrastructure and public safety. COVID-19 emphasized the need for an integrated response system between the public, government, military, and police, and was recognized as a situation requiring a state mobilization order at the wartime level. Accordingly, the Korean Army served as an opportunity to strengthen the quarantine system to protect the lives and safety of the people through the opening of military hospitals, dispatch of military medical staff, and quarantine support. However, research on specific response policies and strategies that the military should carry out in the face of unexpected health security threats is still insufficient. Existing studies have emphasized the importance of health security and the supporting role of the military, but there was a limit to suggesting practical countermeasures. Therefore, this article systematically is to analyze the role of the Korean Army in the face of health security threats in the wake of COVID-19 and suggest effective countermeasures for the military in the event of a similar health security crisis. Considering the characteristics of these studies, it were analyzed the Korean Amry’s response cases in the COVID-19 situation based on literature studies, and derived ways to utilize military resources and capabilities based on government documents, Ministry of National Defense data, related laws and prior studies. In addition, it was appropriately utilized for the Korean Army’s response and direction, focusing on the analysis and implications of COVID-19 response cases in major countries such as Europe, U.S., Japan and China. As a result, although limited under the non-traditional security situation of new infectious diseases such as COVID-19, measures to maintain the combat power of the Korean Army, strengthening the civil-military cooperation system, expanding education and training to respond to infectious diseases, and strengthening the capacity to respond to disasters, and converting military hospitals to hospitals exclusively to infectious disease were derived. In addition, through international cooperation and cooperation, the necessity of a continuous infectious disease response system was confirmed, and in particular, at the level of the Korea-U.S. alliance, it emphasized the establishment of an early detection system and the establishment of a foundation to jointly respond to similar crisis situations.