로마법상의 소송물 가액 선서－ D.12.3에 대한 주해를 겸하여 －
Iusiurandum in litem in Classical Roman Law
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로마법상 소송물 가액 선서(iusiurandum in litem)란 피고가 원고에게 물건을 반환해야 할 의무가 있는 경우에 그것을 확인한 심판인의 반환이나 법정 제시 명령에도불구하고 반환이나 제시를 악의적으로 좌절시켰거나 거역하는 경우에 이를 懲治하고원물 이행을 간접 강제하기 위하여 도입된 원고의 선서로서, 심판인이 한도액을정하거나 정하지 않고 원고에게 선서를 하도록 認付하면, 원고가 소송물 가액을 임의로 또는 한도 책정액의 범위 내에서 선서하고, 그대로 심판인이 유책판결을 내리는제도였다. 이것은 각종 선서가 다양한 맥락에서 법제도로 활용되었던 로마법상의 한가지 사례로서, 원물 이행을 강제하지 않고 모든 소송의 결말을 금전배상으로 마무리지었던 로마 소송법과 집행법상의 특징 때문에 도입된 것인데, 로마 국가의 서비스능력의 일정한 한계를 배경으로 한다. 이 선서가 활용된 것은 기본적으로 裁定訴權 이었으나, 사료상 다양한 종류의 소권이 관련된 다양한 사례들이 전해진다. 후대의로마 집행법에서 원물 이행을 인정하면서 이 선서의 기능과 역할에도 변화가 왔고, 이러한 후대의 사정이 반영되어 유스티니아누스의 입법 이전에 이미 고전법의 텍스트에 대한 수정이 가해졌는데, 그 결과 일관성이 결여된 사료 상태로 인하여 이미비잔틴법학에서도 이 제도를 이해하는 데에 혼란이 초래되었으나, 유스티니아누스법에 반영된 수정법의 상태로 유럽에 영향을 미치고, 보통법에서도 혼선을 빚었다. 오늘날 현대 로마법학자들 사이에도 원문의 수정에 관하여 견해가 갈린다. 이 글에서는 관련 사료를 모두 번역하여 제시하고, 필자가 이해하는 범위 내에서 가능한 한원사료의 진정성을 살리고자 하였으나 수정 의견을 완전히 배제할 수는 없었다. 이선서에 대한 소개를 시도한 것은 집행법이 잘 갖추어진 현대이지만, 이행을 악의적으로 좌절시키는 행태를 징치할 필요성은 여전하지 않을까 하는 점에서 일정한비교의 자료를 제공하고자 한 것이다.
Abstract
In Roman law iusiurandum in litem, an oath by the plaintiff as to value the amount of the condemnation (D.12.3; C.5.53), was applied to compel the defendant to pay the very sum sworn by the plaintiff if he failed against the pertaining order of the judge (iussum de restituendo or exhibendo) to restore a thing due to the plaintiff or to produce it into the court. It was only permitted where there was malice (dolus) or contumacy (contumacia) on the part of the defendant who would not restore or produce as ordered. Where there is only mere fault (culpa), the judge (iudex) makes the aestimatio, i.e., he makes himself the valuation, and the oath ought not to be tendered. The oath must be tendered by the judge, either without or with a taxatio, i.e., a limitation of the highest amount acceptable, within which the oath must be kept. The amount sworn by the plaintiff usually was in both cases larger than the very value of the thing concerned. It shows the penalty function of the oath. It was one of the many cases in which an oath played a role in Roman law. The very background was the principle that every sentence must be expressed in money (omnis condemnatio pecuniaria est). The principal cases refer to the actiones arbitrariae, but there are many others handed down to us in the Corpus Iuris Civilis. The textual basis, however, was disturbed by the interpolations made since the Classical period mainly due to the shift to the possible specific performance. The oath was now understood partly as a penalty for sanctioning the contumacy of the defendant as before, but at the same time partly as a mere supplementary method of proof. Justinian preserved that system, not settling more the complicated issue. The generations of jurists up to now have racked their brains over the problem without reaching a clear-cut conclusion, but must be satisfied with a more or less plausible reconstruction. This article intends, first of all, to introduce the very institute of Roman law by translating for the first time into Korean all of the relevant provisions of the Corpus Iuris Civilis and explaining more or less exegetically, and then to induce to contemplate how to confront properly with such contumacious non-performances on the part of the obligated, a very phenomenon we experience in everyday life in spite of a very well developed legal system whatsoever.
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