공정혁신과 제품혁신이 고용구조와 경제성장에 미치는 영향
The effect of process innovation and product innovation on employment structure and economic growth
1
조회
0
다운로드
15
인용
0
참고문헌
키워드
초록
최근 들어 인공지능과 로봇의 등장으로 인해 혁신과 고용 사이의 상관관계에 대한 논쟁이 다시 치열해지고 있다. 하지만 최근에 제기되고 있는 혁신과 고용간의 문제는 공정혁신 측면에만 치중되어 있다. 혁신은 공정혁신과 같은 노동 절약적 혁신도 있지만, 제품혁신과 같은 노동 친화적 혁신도 존재한다. 따라서 혁신이 고용과 성장에 미치는 영향은 직접적인 효과와 더불어 간접적인 효과도 같이 살펴보아야 한다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 지식기반 연산일반균형모형을 이용하여 혁신의 두 가지 측면인 공정혁신과 제품혁신이 고용구조와 경제성장에 어떠한 영향을 미치는지 살펴보고자 하였다. 연구의 결과를 정리해보면 다음과 같다. 우선 공정혁신의 특성만을 고려할 경우 추가적인 지식자본의 투입은 숙련편향적 기술변화와 자본편향적 기술변화를 발생시키는 것으로 나타났다. 그러나 공정혁신의 특성과 제품혁신의 특성을 모두 반영해준 경우 추가적인 지식자본의 투입은 고용이 증가하고 경제성장에 긍정적인 영향을 주는 것으로 나타났다. 하지만 혁신을 통한 경제성장은 여전히 숙련편향적 기술변화와 자본편향적 기술변화을 일으키고, 이로 인해 양극화가 심화되는 것으로 나타났다. 따라서 지속가능한 성장을 위해서는 이러한 문제점들을 보완할 필요가 있다.
Abstract
Recently, the emergence of artificial intelligence and robot have reignited the debate on the relationship between innovation and employment. However, the issue between innovation and employment, which has recently been raised, is focused only on process innovation. While the labor-saving innovation such as process innovation is one aspect of the innovation, but labor-friendly innovation such as product innovation is another aspect of the innovation. Therefore, the impact of innovation on employment and growth should be viewed as direct effects as well as indirect effects. In this paper, we tried to examine how the two aspects of innovation - process innovation and product innovation - affect the employment structure and economic growth by using the knowledge-based CGE (Computable General Equilibrium) model. The results of the study are summarized as follows. First, considering the characteristics of process innovation only, additional input of knowledge capital occurs that skill-biased technological and capital-biased technology change. However, if both the characteristics of process innovation and product innovation are reflected, the input of additional knowledge capital has a positive effect on employment growth and economic growth. However, economic growth through innovation still results in skill-biased technological change and capital-biased technological change, resulting in increased polarization. Therefore, it is necessary to overcome these problems for sustainable growth.
참고문헌 (40)
- 강규호, "기술혁신과 고용창출", 경제분석, 12(1), pp.53~74 (2006), 한국은행
- 김배근, "기술혁신은 고용없는 성장을 야기하는가?", 경제학연구, 60(3), pp.5~54 (2012), 한국경제학회
- 총요소생산성의 고용에 대한 영향 분석, "박구도", Monthly Bulletin 한국은행, 28~66 (2011)
- 양희원, "지식기반 사회회계행렬 작성 방안 연구", 생산성논집, 26(3), pp.257~285 (2012), 한국생산성학회
- Acemoglu, D, "Skills, tasks and technologies: Implications for employment and earnings", Handbook of labor economics, 4, pp.1043~1171 (2011)
- Antonucci, T, "Employment effects of product and process innovation in Europe", International Review of Applied Economics, 16(3), pp.295~307 (2002)
- Autor, D. H, "How technology wrecks the middle class" (2013), The New York Times Press
- Bessen, J., "Learning by Doing: The Real Connection Between Innovation, Wages, and Wealth" (2015), Yale University Press
- Bogliacino, F, "Innovation and employment: a reinvestigation using revised Pavitt classes", Research Policy, 39(6), pp.799~809 (2010)
- R&D and employment: Some evidence from European microdata, "Bogliacino, F.", IZA, ~, pp.IZA discussion paper, 5908 (2011)
- Bogliacino, F, "THE JOB CREATION EFFECT OF R&D EXPENDITURES", Australian Economic Papers, 51(2), pp.96~113 (2012)
- Brouwer, E., "Employment growth and innovation at the firm level", Journal of Evolutionary Economics, 3(2), pp.153~159 (1993)
- Brynjolfsson, E., "Information technology as a factor of production:The role of differences among firms", Economics of innovation and new technology, 3(3-4), pp.183~200 (2014)
- Brynjolfsson, E, "The second machine age: Work, progress, and prosperity in a time of brilliant technologies" (2014), WW Norton & Company
- Brynjolfsson, E, "Race against the machine: How the digital revolution is accelerating innovation, driving productivity, and irreversibly transforming employment and the economy" (2012), WW Norton & Company
- Coad, A, "The firm-level employment effects of innovations in high-tech US manufacturing industries", Journal of Evolutionary Economics, 21(2), pp.255~283 (2011)
- Edquist, C., "Innovation and employment: Process versus product innovation" (2001), Edward Elgar Publishing
- Evangelista, R, "The impact of innovation on employment in services:evidence from Italy", International Review of Applied Economics, 16(3), pp.309~318 (2002)
- Frey, C.B, "The future of employment: how susceptible are jobs to computerisation?", ~ (2013)
- Goldin, C, "The Race between Education and Technology" (2008), Harvard University Press
- Goos, M., "Explaining job polarization: Routine-biased technological change and offshoring", The American Economic Review, 104(8), pp.2509~2526 (2014)
- Greenan, N, "Technological innovation and employment reallocation", Labour, 14(4), pp.547~590 (2000)
- Hall, B. H., "Employment, innovation, and productivity: evidence from Italian microdata", Industrial and Corporate Change, 17(4), pp.813~839 (2008)
- Technical change and the relative demand for skilled labor: The united states in historical perspective, "Katz, L.F", National Bureau of Economic, ~, pp.National Bureau of Economic Research, 18752 (2013)
- Klette, J, "Innovation And Job Creation In A Smallopen Economy-Evidence From Norwegian Manufacturing Plants 1982-92", Economics of Innovation and New Technology, 5(2-4), pp.247~272 (1998)
- Křístková, Z., "Impact of R&D Investment on Economic Growth of the Czech Republic-A Recursively Dynamic CGE Approach", Prague Economic Papers, pp.412~433 (2012)
- Krusell, P., "Capital‐skill complementarity and inequality: A macroeconomic analysis", Econometrica, 68(5), pp.1029~1053 (2000)
- Technology innovation and job creation: Innovation policies for expanding employment, "Lee, G. R.", STEPI, ~, pp.STEPI policy research 2010-02 (2010)
- Machin, S, "The effects of unions on organisational change and employment", The Economic Journal, 101(407), pp.835~854 (1991)
- Meyer-Krahmer, F., "The effects of new technologies on employment", Economics of Innovation and New Technology, 2(2), pp.131~149 (1992)
- Capital Depreciation and Labor Shares Around the World, "Neiman, B", Society for Economic Dynamics, ~, pp.Measurement and Implications Discussion paper (No. 357) (2015)
- Pianta, M., "The employment impact of product and process innovations", The employment impact of innovation: Evidence and policy, ~ (2000)
- Piva, M, "The skill bias in Italy: a first report", Economics Bulletin, 15(2), pp.1~8 (2001)
- Schumpeter, J. A., "The theory of economic development: An inquiry into profits, capital, credit, interest, and the business cycle (Vol. 55)" (1934), Transaction publishers
- Utterback, J.M, "A dynamic model of process and product innovation", Omega, 3(6), pp.639~656 (1975)
- Van Reenen, J., "Employment and technological innovation: evidence from UK manufacturing firms", Journal of labor economics, 15(2), pp.255~284 (1997)
- Vivarelli, M., "The economics of technology and employment" (1995), Elgar
- Vivarelli, M., "Innovation and employment in Italian manufacturing industry", Research Policy, 25(7), pp.1013~1026 (1996)
- Zimmermann, K. F., "The employment consequences of technological advance, demand and labor costs in 16 German industries", Empirical Economics, 16(2), pp.253~266 (1991)
- Zuniga, P, "Innovation strategies and employment in Latin American firms", Structural Change and Economic Dynamics, 24, pp.1~17 (2013)