하와이에서 한인(韓人) 전통의 창출:태평양전쟁 전 하와이 이민 한인 여성의 민족 관계와 근대화
Inventing Korean Tradition in Hawai’i: Race Relations and Modernization of Korean Immigrant Women in Prewar Hawai’i
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1903년 하와이 사탕수수 농장에서 일하기 시작한 이래, 한인(韓人) 이민 노동자들은 일을 하지 않고 쉬는 날 즐기기 위해 캠프에서 춤을 추었고, 몇 년 뒤에는 그들 삶에서 중요한 행사를 기념하기 위해 모인 모임과 단체 회합에서 춤을 추었다. 이 경우 춤을 추었던 사람들은 대부분 남자들이었다. 여성들은 사람들 앞에서 춤추기를 꺼려했는데, 심지어 같은 민족 앞에서도 거의 춤을 추지 않았다. 그러나 1920∼30년대 하와이 문화행사에서 한국 춤이 공연되었을 때, 대중 앞에서 한국의 전통춤을 추었던 이들은 대부분 이민 2세대 한인 여성들이었다. 이후로 한인 여성이, 고등학교 민족 동호회에서처럼 출신 민족의 배경을 나타내는, 간단한 한국 춤사위를 시연하는 것이 새로운 ‘전통’이 되었다. 왜 어쩌다가 한인 여성들이 춤을 추게 되었고, 한인 여성들의 춤이 한국의 ‘전통’을 대표하게 되었을까? 이 논문에서는 이민 1세대와 2세대 한인 여성들의 일상과 민족 관계에 초점을 두고, 20세기 전반기 하와이에서 한인 여성들이 서구화, 근대화를 어떻게 받아들이고 이해했는지를 탐구하였다. 결론적으로 이 논문에서는 한인 여성들이 한국 전통춤을 추는데 참여하도록 동기를 유발한 두 가지 에 대하여 논의하였다. 첫째, 주류사회에서 전통춤을 장려하였다. 춤(춤추기)은 하와이 사회에서 하와이 주민의 통합과 화합을 강조하기 위한 활동으로 높이 평가되었다. 둘째, 춤은 이민 1세대 한인 여성들과 이민 2세대 한인 여성들 사이를 잇는 가교 역할을 하였다. 한인 공동체는 양립할 수 없는 갈등을 겪고 있었다. 이민 1세대가 장려하는 전통적인 생활방식과 서구사회에서 살아가는데 필수적인 근대적인 생활방식 사이에서의 갈등이었다. 이러한 상황에서 한국 전통춤은 한인 이민자들에게 전통(적인 생활방식)과 근대(적인 생활방식)를 이어주는 바퀴가 되었다. 한국 전통춤은 한인으로서의 민족 정체성(민족성)과 그들의 삶을 연결하는 동시에 당대의 근대적이고 서구적인 가치를 아우르는 것으로, 하와이에서 “한국인”으로 살고 있음을 의미하는 상징이 되었고, 한인 공동체를 대표하는 새로운 “전통”이 되었다.
Abstract
In Hawai’i, Korean migrant workers danced at the camps to entertain themselves on their days off from work, and in later years at gatherings to celebrate their life events and at organizational meetings, ever since Korean migrant workers started to work at the sugar plantations in 1903. The people who danced at these occasions were mostly men, and women were reluctant to dance in front of people, and thus rarely seen dancing even in front of co-ethnics. However, when Korean dances were performed in the 1920s and 1930s at the cultural events of Hawai’i, it was the Korean women, mostly 2nd generations, who performed and represented the Korean ‘traditional’ dances to the public. Since then, it became a new ‘tradition’ for Korean women to present simple Korean dance steps to represent their ethnic background, such as ethnic clubs in high schools. Why did these women dance and represent Korean ‘tradition’? This article focuses on the everyday life and race relations of Korean women, both 1st and 2nd generation, and explores the ways in which Korean women adopted and understood the westernization and modernization in Hawai’i in the first half of 20th century. This article argues that there were two forces that motivated women to engage in dancing. First is the promotion of traditional dances by mainstream society. Dancing became an act highly valued in Hawaiian society, to emphasize the integration and racial harmony of Hawaii’s population. Second is the role of dance that bridged the split between the first and second generations. The Korean community was undergoing conflict that seemed to be incompatible with each other – the traditional way of living that was encouraged by their first generation, and the modern way of living that was essential to live in a western society. Under these circumstances, Korean dance enabled Koreans to connect the traditional with the modern. Korean dance, then, became a symbol of what it meant to live as “Korean” in Hawai’i, embracing the modern and western values of the time, as well as their life that connects them to their Korean ethnicity, and became a new “tradition” for the community.
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