프랑스 종교개혁과 위그노 여성의 ‘역설’
French Reformation and ‘Paradox’ of Huguenot Women
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그리스도교의 역사적 전통 속에서 종교개혁은 중세 가톨릭의 형식주의적 한계를 넘어선 혁명적 사건이자, 동시에 가부장의 권위와 가정의 중요성에 대한 논의가 강화된 순간이라 해석된다. 종교개혁과 여성 사이의 이중적 속성을 살펴보는 수단으로, 프랑스 종교개혁 시대 위그노 여성들의 종교개혁 체험은 좋은 분석대상이 될 수 있다. 독일과 스위스 등 종교개혁가들이 사회 주류세력과 연대한 곳과는 달리, 프로테스탄티즘이 국가적 차원에서 탄압의 대상이 되던 프랑스에서 위그노가 된다는 것은 종교개혁가들이 이상적으로 본 수동적 여성은 결코 지닐 수 없는 행동력과 결단력을 필요로 했기 때문이다. 필자는 이 상황을 종교개혁과 여성 간의 ‘역설(paradox)’이라 규정하고자 한다. 이런 역설적 상황에 대해 프랑스의 위그노 여성들은 다양한 방식으로 대응했다. 우선 위그노 공동체에서 높은 신분과 정치적 영향력을 지녔던 여성들은 소규모 귀족집단에 기대 내전을 이끌어야 했던 프랑스 종교개혁의 특성상 자연스럽게 적극적인 사회적 역할을 수행할 수 있었다. 반면 평범한 신분의 위그노 여성들은 종교적 열정과 신념을 통해 스스로 역설에 대응할 내적 돌파구를 발견했는데, 그 대표적 사례로 위그노 여성 순교자들을 들 수 있다. 이렇듯 위그노 여성들이 자신들에게 주어진 역설을 극복한 방법은 당시 여성들이 어떻게 종교개혁이 지닌 원초적 정신인 영적 평등과 자유에 접근할 수 있었는지, 그리고 이를 어떻게 나름의 방법으로 내면화했는지 검토할 수 있는 역사적 배경을 제공해 준다고 볼 수 있다.
Abstract
Reformation, in its radical terms, is the religious revolution to reestablish the relationship of men and God, claiming their innovative agendas such as “Justification by faith alone” and “priesthood of all believers”. Their view of womanhood, however, was scorned by some historians who claimed that female subjugation was even increased with the propagation of the Reformation. Nevertheless, recent scholarship tries to ask how contemporary women were understood and accepted reformers’ messages by their own way. In the majority of cases, reformers asked women to stay home and be good wife. But sometimes women’s involvements of Reformation led to radical alterations of their life. French Reformation, which was marked by violence and massacre, was as such. French women who decided to be huguenot should overcome severe oppressions threatening their life. Consequently, French huguenot women ought to be active and determined to establish their religious identities. Huguenot women’s enterprising spirits, however, could be criticized by the reformer, who denied women’s social engagement. This contradictory situation between French Reformation and huguenot women would be called as ‘paradox.’ The purpose of this study is to examine how huguenot women in French Reformation could overcome this sort of paradox. Some noblewomen could impose their social status to get over this paradox. Huguenot noblewomen who played significant roles during the French religious wars could be the best examples. Other women who did not possess proper social rank could surmount this paradox by means of their religious passion. Huguenot women martyr such as Marguerite le Riche is representative of this kind. Consequentially, Huguenot women’s various experiences during French Reformation would be a clue to perceive the diverse roles of women in Reformation era.
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