베트남의 소수종족과 국가 : 종족분류체계 및 종족정책에 관한 비판적 고찰
The State and Ethnic Minorities in Vietnam : A Critical Review
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이 연구는 소수종족과 국가의 관계를 중심으로 베트남 종족문제에 관한 기존의 접근 시각에 대해 비판적으로 검토하고 새로운 연구 주제와 시각을 모색하기 위한 것이다. 베트남문화의 다양성에관한 논의는 풍성하지만, 인구의 약 14%를 점하고 이 나라의 주권을 공유하고 있는 소수종족의 관점과 경험에 주목하는 연구는 흔치 않다. 소수종족의 삶은 스스로의 잣대나 목소리가 아니라 국가의 종족분류체계나 통계 및 외부의 전형화된 시각에 의해 평가되어 왔다. 소수종족 스스로의 목소리에 초점을 둔 연구가 희소한 상황에서 이 연구는 소수종족에 대한 국가정책의 효과에 관해서 뿐만 아니라 소수종족의 다양한 경험과 갈등에 대한 관심을 환기시키고자 한다. 이를 위하여 이 논문은 먼저 베트남 소수종족의 상태와 함께 종족분류체계의 역사와 정치에 관하여 고찰하였다. 국가중심적 시각이 많은 비판을 받았음에도 베트남 소수종족의 상태를 이해하기 위해서는 여전히 국가의 입장을 고찰하는 것이 중요하다. 따라서 이 글은 탈식민시기부터 도이머이 이후까지의 정책의의도와 결과에 대한 평가를 중심으로 소수종족과 국가 간의 관계를 고찰하였다. 끝으로, 국가중심의지배적 인식의 한계를 비판하고 대안적 접근을 탐색하기 위해 국가-종족관계와 함께, 소수종족 스스로와 외부인에 의해 만들어지는 정체성에 관한 최근의 보다 확대된 관점에 대해 검토하였다. 이 연구는 기본적으로 광범위한 연구문헌에 대한 검토와 재해석에 기초하였으나, 여러 차례 베트남 각지에서 소수종족마을을 단기 방문한 필자의 경험과 종족문제를 연구한 베트남 민족학자들과의 면담과정에서 비롯된 문제의식과 자료도 일부 활용되었다. 비록 강력한 사회적 힘이 역사적으로 소수종족의 세계를 지속적으로 재구성해 왔음에도 불구하고 소수종족의 능동적인 역할은 결코 간과할 수 없다는 것이 이 글의 결론이다.
Abstract
This study particularly attempts to examine new research topics and perspectives which could challenge the existing dominant approach,concerning mainly the relationship between ethnic minorities and the state of Vietnam. There exist flourishing discourses on the cultural diversity of Vietnam, but researches which focus on the view point and experiences of minorities themselves, who occupy 14% of population and share the sovereignty of the country, are rare. This study aims to suggest the necessity of the view which emphasizes the concrete living world of ethnic minorities and their own voices. Therefore, this study tries to call attention not only to the national policy and the effect of its efforts regarding the governance of ethnic minorities, but also to various experiences and conflicts of ethnic minority groups. For this purpose, this article investigates firstly the conditions of ethnic minorities of Vietnam with the history and politics of the ethnic classification system. While the state-centered point of view has been faced with much criticism, it is still significant to explore the stance of the state in order to understand the situations of ethnic minorities of Vietnam. Hence, this article analyzed the relationship between ethnic minorities and the state through the historical approach ranging from the post-colonial to the Doi Moi era. In the end, an alternative critical approach to the state-centered perspective is assessed. To overcome the limit of the dominant state-centered perspective, this study examined the recently expanded studies about the state-ethnic relations, active role of ethnic minorities,and identity built by themselves and outsiders. The conclusion of this research is that the active role of ethnic minorities cannot be undermined despite the powerful social forces that have historically reshaped the world of ethnic minorities.
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