정당정치와 계급정치: '노동 없는 민주주의'의 예외성에 관한 고찰
Party Politics and Class Politics
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이 논문은 민주화 이후 계급정치가 한국 정당정치의 지배적 특징으로 자리잡는 데 실패한 이유를 특히 선진 민주국가의 여러 사례들에 비추어 규명해 보려고 한다. 우선 1920년대 서유럽 민주국가에 계급정치를 확립시켰던 역사적 요인들은 다른 시기에 다른 지역에서 반복되기 대단히 힘들다. 따라서 계급정치를 확립시키지 못한 민주국가를 굳이 예외적 사례로 볼 필요는 없다. 계급정치를 확립시키지 못한 미국과 아일랜드는 그 대표적 사례이다. 반면 이차세계대전 직후 계급정치를 확립시켰던 일본의 역사적 국면은 일차세계대전 직후 서유럽의 역사적 국면과 대단히 유사하다. 한편 서유럽 민주국가에서 최근 계급정치는 현저히 퇴조하고 있고 또 노동운동과 사회민주정당 역시 뚜렷이 쇠퇴하고 있다. 이에 비추어 본 한국 계급정치의 전망은 부정적이다. 서유럽 노동자들을 폭발적으로 계급동원해 주었던 역사적 요인들은 한국 정당정치사에 없다. 한국은 또 계급정치와 노동운동을 쇠퇴시키고 있는 세계 자본주의의 최근 흐름으로부터 자유로울 수 없다. 이에 덧붙여 민주노동당은 일본사회당이 일찍이 범했던 전략적 오류를 반복함으로써 조직 분열과 쇠퇴를 앞당겼다.
Abstract
This study aims to analyze the peculiar underdevelopment of class politics in South Korea’s party politics. It argues that historical factors that gave rise to class politics in Western Europe in the early 1920s are hard to be repeated in other times and places. Underdevelopment of class politics, thus, should not be regarded as exceptional. The United States and Ireland are especially noteworthy as the cases of underdeveloped class politics among advanded democracies. The conditions which gave rise to class politics in Japan after World War Two are very similar to those which established class politics in Europe after World War One. It is also noteworthy that class politics has recently declined substantially in Europe. Labor movement and social democratic parties of Europe are also declining. In view of these phenomena, the prospect for the growth of class politics is negative in Korea. Korean politics has not experienced historical incidents that brought forth massive political mobilization of working class. Korea is also open to the impacts of current trends of capitalist system that weaken labor movement and class politics. In addition, Democratic Labor Party of Korea recently has committed similar strategic blunder that had weakened and divided the Japanese Socialist Party.
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