‘성전(聖戰)’을 위한 ‘선전(宣傳)’ -17세기 후반 언약도 저항이론과 군중소요-
Propaganda for the Holy War - Later Covenanters, Resistance Theory and their Pamphlet Debate in late 17th Century -
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초록
17세기 후반, 스코틀랜드 언약도는 찰스 2세의 주교제주의적 종교정착과 비국교도 박해에 맞서 ‘성전’을 결심하였다. 국왕을 상대로 한 전쟁에서 그들이 내세운 명분은 폭군에 대한 무력저항과 자기방어를 정당화하는 ‘저항이론’이었다. 언약도의 저항이론은 엘리트 계층 내에서 담론의 장을 형성하였고, 주교제주의자들과의 논쟁 과정에서 ‘민중(popular)’의 저항이라는 개념으로까지 발전하였다. 이후 언약도는 필요에 따라 의도적으로 저항이론 팸플릿을 유포하고 조직적으로 군중들을 선동하기 시작했다. 야외집회와 머켓크로스는 그들의 저항이론을 민중들의 실제적 삶의 공간으로 끌어들일 수 있는 최적의 장소였다. 그 결과 17세기 후반 스코틀랜드 사회에서는 반정부적 군중소요들이 빈번하게 일어났다. 1666년 펜틀랜드 반란과 1679년 보스웰 브릿지 전투는 언약도 저항이론과 사회적 군중소요의 상관관계를 보여주는 대표적인 사건이었다. 이는 그야말로 ‘이론’의 실제적 ‘적용’이었다. 결국, 언약도의 저항이론 선전전은 스코틀랜드 사회에 종교적 논쟁의 장을 활성화 시키고 나아가 이를 실제적 민중운동으로 이끌어내는 데 성공하였다. 이러한 의미에서 17세기 후반 스코틀랜드에서의 사회적 군중소요의 성행은 언약도가 남긴 저항이론의 유산이었다.
Abstract
This research aims to examine how the resistance theory of the Scottish Covenanters generated the popular violence in the late 17th century. The Covenanters decided to wage ‘holy war’ against Charles II’s episcopalian church settlement and the persecution of nonconformists in the Restoration Period. The resistance theory which had been developed from the early Covenanters justified the holy war. While the war among the elites and intellectuals remained in the arena of discourse, the popular culture put the theory into practice. Some theorists among the later Covenanters intentionally disseminated the resistance theory to their audience. The conventicles and Mercat-Cross of various towns were the best places for their propaganda. The anti-government riots of crowd became the order of the day in the late seventeenth-century Scotland. The Pentland Rising(1666) and the Battle of Bothwell Bridge(1679) were the two representative cases that showed the correlation between the Covenanter’s resistance theory and crowd violence. It was a combination of ‘the Doctrine’ and ‘the Use’. In the end, the Covenanter’s resistance propaganda revitalised religious debates in Scottish society and succeeded in leading it to popular movements. The prevalence of crowd violence in Scotland in the late 17th century seemed like an incantation of the resistance theory developed by the Covenanters.
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