순종과 저항의 기로에서 -존 녹스(John Knox)와 스코틀랜드 저항사상의 발전-
Obedience and resistance - John Knox and the Development of Resistance Theory in Scotland -
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근대 초 저항권 담론은 종교개혁의 필연적 산물이었다. ‘세속군주에 대한 순종과 신에 대한 순종이 정면으로 배치되는 상황에 처한다면, 누구에 대한 순종을 우선해야 하는가?’ 가톨릭 군주들의 극심한 탄압 속에서, 신교도 개혁가들이 내린 결론은 ‘순종’을 위한 ‘저항’이었다. 이러한 저항사상이 스코틀랜드에 처음 수용된 것은 종교개혁가 존 녹스(John Knox)를 통해서였다. 그는 스코틀랜드와 잉글랜드 통치자들의 박해를 피하기 위해 떠난 망명길에서 순종과 저항에 대한 깊은 고민에 빠졌고, 스위스의 저명한 종교개혁가들과의 대담 속에서 그의 저항사상을 정립하였다. 이후 녹스의 저항사상은 점진적으로 발전하는 모습을 보인다. 초기에는 가톨릭 당국에 맞서 종교개혁을 완수할 것을 당부하는 소극적 저항에 그쳤으나, 1557년 극변하는 스코틀랜드 정세 속에서 그는 방어적 저항을 넘어선 적극적 무력저항, 나아가 체제 전복까지도 촉구하기 시작했다. 1559년 섭정 기즈 메리에 대한 폐위 선언과 1560년 장로회교회의 수립은 녹스가 도입‧발전시킨 저항사상이 실천적으로 적용된 결과였다.
Abstract
The emergence of discourse on the resistance theory was an inevitable result of the Reformation. ‘Should obedience to God be set before obedience to secular monarch, as the case may be?’ The conclusion the Protestant reformers made was ‘resistance’ for ‘obedience’ in extreme persecution by Catholic monarchs. It was John Knox, a Scottish minister, who first accepted ideology of resistance in Scotland. In exile to avoid the religious persecution of the Scottish and English rulers, he fell into deep agony about obedience and resistance, and established his resistance ideology in a conversation with prominent religious reformers in Switzerland. Since then, Knox’s resistance theory shows a gradual development. In the early time, he was limited to passive resistance, demanding the completion of the Reformation against the Catholic authorities, but in 1557, in the rapidly changing political situation in Scotland, he began to urge active armed resistance even to overthrow the regime. The declaration of dethronement of Regent Mary of Guise in 1559 and the establishment of the Presbyterian Church in 1560 were the results of the practical application of the resistance theory introduced and developed by John Knox.
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