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1801년 영국-아일랜드 합방 -자유무역에서 문명화로-

The British-Irish Union of 1801 - From Free Trade to Civilization -

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영국사학회|2021.06|영국연구 (The Korean Journal of British Studies)|제45호|pp. 35-68|DOI 10.22852/kjbs..45.202106.35

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관습자유무역Civilization정치경제문명화Political EconomyFree TradeManners1801년 영국-아일랜드 합방윌리엄 피트The British-Irish Union of 1801William Pitt the Younger
주제분류역사학

초록

이 글은 영국-아일랜드 합방법의 형성에서 영국사회의 근면한 습관 때문에 영국이 아일랜드와 자유무역에서 유리하다는 시각이 영국사회의 관습으로 영국이 아일랜드를 문명화한다란 관점으로 발전되었다고 주장한다. 자유무역과 문명화의 논리는 영국의 경제적 강점을 습관이나 관습 같은 영국사회의 성격으로 이해했다는 점에서 유사한 논리적 기반 위에 있었다. 영국수상 윌리엄 피트는 영국사회의 근면한 습관 때문에 자유무역이 영국에게 유리하다고 생각했지만, 그것이 아일랜드에게 불리하기 때문에 합방으로 아일랜드의 이익을 증진한다고 말하기에 어려운 부분이 있었다. 하지만 피트정부는 영국의 습관과 관습을 아일랜드로 이식하여 아일랜드를 문명화하면 아일랜드의 번영이 가능하다고 주장할 수 있었다. 이처럼 자유무역으로 국가통합을 한다면 영국 이익과 아일랜드 이익은 상충될 수밖에 없었지만, 문명화로 국가통합을 한다면 영국 이익과 아일랜드 이익은 상충되지 않고 두 나라가 함께 번영한다고 피트정부는 합방법을 정당화할 수 있었다.

Abstract

This article argues that in the making of the British-Irish Union, the view that the industrious habits of British society enabled Britain to outdo Ireland in their free trade developed into the perspective that British manners and habits were a means of civilizing Ireland. The rationales behind the Union’s free trade and civilization had a similar logical basis that both cases understood Britain’s economic strength in terms of the nature of British society such as habits and manners. British Prime Minister William Pitt believed that Britain’s industrious habits ensured Britain’s superiority in free trade with Ireland, but the very reason meant that free trade would not ensure the interest of the Irish economy after the Union. Yet Ireland’s prosperity would be promoted, if the British government were to civilize Ireland by transplanting British manners into Irish society. While free trade as a means of national integration posed a difficult question that the interests between the two economic nations tended to be conflicting, civilization as a means of national integration underpinned the claim that the interests of Britain and Ireland could be mutually promoted.

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