글래드스턴과 아일랜드 토지문제: 토지법안(1886)의 성격
Gladstone and the Irish Land Question: A Comparative Assessment of the Land Purchase Bill of 1886
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글래드스턴을 아일랜드에서 지주지배를 복원하려는 ‘사회적 보수주의자’로 해석함으로써 1886년 토지법안의 진실성과 현실성을 부정한 근래의 연구들과는 달리, 이 논문은 토지법안이 철회된 이후 보수당과 자유당이 제정한 토지법들과 비교함으로써 토지법안의 의미와 성격을 살폈다. 토지법안은 보수당의 애쉬번 토지법을 훨씬 능가하는 규모로 영국 정부의 신용을 이용하여 차지인이 지주의 토지를 매입토록 하였다. 그것은 지주본위제에 대한 대안으로서 자작농제를 확립하여 아일랜드에서 항구적으로 사회질서를 확립하려는 목표를 갖고 있었다. 토지법안이 철회된 이후 제정된 토지법들(밸퍼법, 윈덤법, 비렐법)은 전체적으로 글래드스턴이 1886년에 제시한 방향을 따랐다. 물론 이 법들에서 매입 대금의 규모, 현금 혹은 공채 지불방식, 연납률과 상환기간, 공채 이자율, 전체토지 혹은 개별토지 매입방식, 지주와 차지인 간의 직접 혹은 간접 구매방식 같은 세부사항은 각기 달랐다. 그럼에도 이들 토지법들은 후속한 토지법에 의해 수정되거나 보완되면서 점진적으로 작동하였고, 그 결과 아일랜드는 1차 세계대전 무렵에 자작농 국가가 되었다. 그렇지만 이 법들은 ‘후의로써 자치를 죽이려는’ 조치였다. 따라서 자치문제를 배제한다면 글래드스턴의 토지법안은 실현 가능성이 컸고, 만약 실현되었더라면 아일랜드 자작농제 수립의 역사에서 하나의 전환점이 되었을 것이다.
Abstract
Recent critical studies of Gladstone’s Land Purchase Bill of 1886 interpret Gladstone as a ‘social conservative’ who wanted to restore landlordism in Ireland, and they accordingly deny the truthfulness and feasibility of the bill. I have in this article tried to demonstrate the meaning and significance of Gladstone’s attempt from a different perspective, that is, to compare the land purchase bill with land acts legislated later by either the Conservative or the Liberal government. To pacify Ireland with the introduction of full-scale peasant proprietary, Gladstone’s land purchase bill promoted tenant’s purchase of his holding from his landlord who wanted to sell his whole tenanted estate. To facilitate this transaction, the British government’s credit would be utilized, the magnitude of which far exceeded that of the Ashbourne Act. Gladstone’s aim was to secure permanent social order in Ireland by establishing peasant proprietary as an alternative to landlordism. In the period between 1891 and 1909 several land acts were made to promote peasant proprietary in Ireland. The Balfour Acts(1891, 1895), the Wyndham Act(1903) and the Birrell Act(1909) all followed the main frame of land purchase scheme that Gladstone had initiated in 1886. Regulations regarding the amount of purchase money, method of payment to the vendor in cash or bond, the rate of annuity and period of repayment, the rate of interest of bond, whether to sell the whole estate or individual holdings, direct or indirect transaction between the landlord and the tenant, of course, were not uniform in these acts. But each of these acts operated to varying degrees, successively modified by later acts. As a result, Ireland on the eve of World War I became a state of peasant proprietors. However, these land acts, unlike Gladstone’s land purchase bill, were intended as a measure ‘killing Home Rule with kindness.’ Therefore, if we put the Home Rule question aside, Gladstone’s land bill had feasibility and, if realized, could have marked a turning point in the history of the establishment of peasant proprietary in Ireland.
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