처칠, 키치너, 그리고 해밀턴의 삼중주? ―1915년 영국군 갈리폴리 원정 실패 책임을 중심으로―
Gallipoli Campaign of the British Military Forces in 1915: -With Special Reference to the Behavioral Factors of Failure-
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초록
제1차 세계대전 중에 치룬 여러 전투들 중에서 영국군이 가장 치욕적으로 참패를 당한 것은 1915년 2월에서 1916년 1월 초까지 동부 지중해의 다르다넬스 해협과 갈리폴리 반도에서 벌어진 전투였다. 교착상태에 빠져있던 서부전선에 대한 적의 압력을 분산시키고, 터키에 의해 차단되어 있던 러시아와의 직통로를 확보하려던 것이 작전의 목적이었다. 하지만 현실과 이상 간의 괴리를 극복하지 못하고 엄청난 수의 인명 피해를 낸 채 실패로 끝나고 말았다. 1916년 여름에 정부 차원에서 조사위원회가 설치되었고, 1년여 기간에 걸쳐서 패전 요인 및 책임에 대한 분석이 이루어졌다. 이 논문에서는 작전 수행의 핵심인물들이었던 해군장관 처칠, 육군장관 키치너, 그리고 원정군 사령관 해밀턴을 중심으로 실패의 책임 소재를 고찰하고 있다. 이는 넓게는 군사정책이 어떻게 입안, 결정, 그리고 실행되는가를 엿볼 수 있는 사례연구에 해당한다.
Abstract
The Gallipoli campaign of 1915 was a disasterous defeat of the British military forces. It was a strategic distraction with the very limited chance of leading successfully to the seizure of Gallipoli Peninsula, the capture of Constantinople, and the defeat of Turkey. The British Mediterranean Expeditionary Force led by General Ian Hamilton was suffered by sickness and casualties amount to almost 120,000. The campaign concluded with an ignominious withdrawal from the peninsula for the British empire. The controversy on the reasons of failure was initiated by the appointment of a royal commission in August 1916 to consider the origin, inception, and execution of the campaign. The Dardanelles commission sat in nearly over a year and produced two reports on the Gallipoli Campaign in 1917 and 1918. The Gallipoli campaign undermined the reputation of three leading figures ― W. Churchill, Lord Kitchener and Ian Hamilton ― connected to the campaign. Yet it is difficult to assess the degree of the responsibilities of three major personalities, because the assessment of the campaign would be significantly influenced by the different perspectives. This article considers the reasons of its failure of focusing on the roles of the above three personalities with three basic questions as follows: was the campaign project strategically sound?; why did the expedition fail?; who was responsible for the defeat?
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