뉴잉글랜드 청교도들의 언약 사상과 교회의 사회적 책임론의 상관관계 연구
Study on the Relationship between the Doctrin e of Social Responsibility of the Church and the Thought of Covenant Among Puritans in New England
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일부 청교도 연구가들은 뉴잉글랜드 청교도들이 국가에 대한 사회적 책임론을 거부하여 왔거나 약화시켰다고 주장하였다. 따라서 이러한 일부 청교도연구가들의 주장이 옳은 것인지를 밝히기 위해, 당대 청교도들의 사회적 책임론과 그 책임적 방법론에 대한 신학적 배경을 탐구하는 것이 본 논문의주요 목적이다. 본 논문에서 밝힌 결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 대부분의 뉴잉글랜드 청교도들의 지도자들은 성경적 언약론에 입각하여 사회적 책임성을 매우 강조하였다. 둘째, 뉴잉글랜드 청교도들은 이중 언약론 즉 행위언약과 은혜언약이라는 개인언약 사상을 하나님의 공동체와 지역사회에 적용하여 실현하고자 최선을 다했다. 셋째, 이들은 개인언약 사상 중 은혜언약 영역을 발전시켜 교회언약사상으로 새롭게 수립하였다. 따라서 모든 교회 공동체 구성원들은 성경을 하나님의 말씀으로 철저하게 인식하였으며, 하나님을 섬기는 일과 대사회적책임을 감당하기 위해 하나님의 지도자들을 세웠음을 강조하였다. 이러한사상은 헨리 제이콥을 위시하여 존 코튼, 존 윈스롭 등의 작품 속에 빈번하게 등장하고 있다. 마지막으로, 신대륙을 향해 항해하였던 이들은 선실 속에서 사회적 공동체로서의 하나 됨이라는 언약(사회적 언약)을 체결하여 선포함으로써, 하나의 사회 공동체의 일원으로 시작함을 강조하였다. 이러한 언약의 특징은 신적 공동체로서 하나님의 말씀에 전적으로 순종하며 그리스도의 심장으로 사회언약 공동체를 돌보고 섬기며 모든 슬픔과기쁨을 공유하고 나누고자 노력한 흔적들을 발견할 수 있다. 이러한 사회언약 사상은 “신적 공동체의 마르나 카르타와 메이플라워 협정”에 자세히 묘사되고 있음을 볼 수 있다.
Abstract
Some theorists of Puritans have insisted that Puritans in New England have no response and a negative attitude toward their social responsibility. The main purpose of this article is to investigate whether this is true or not, by analysing primary sources of Puritans in the 17th century, and to search for the theological backgrounds of Puritans’ social responsibility and their own methodology. This paper shows various results. First, the Covenant of Theory, the most important element supported by Scriptures, was a backdrop for the theory of social responsibility as a sincere believer. In particular, the early representatives of Puritans in England, such as William Tyndale,John Bale, Thomas Cartwright, and John Preston, acted upon the pioneers of New England, such as John Cotton, John Winthrop, Thomas Hooker, and Thomas Shepard etc. Secondly, Puritans tried to realize Puritan divine community in New England through double covenant theory-the covenant of works and the covenant of grace, known as the Personal Covenant. Thirdly, they also established the thought of church covenant by developing the personal covenant, in particular the covenant of grace. This covenant manifests the fact that all church members accept thescriptures as the true God’s words, and God appoints several officers in church to serve God’s works and to work for social duty. This thought of the covenant of church appeared in the church in New England through leaders such as Henry Jacob, Francis Higginson, John Cotton, John White,Huge Peter, and John Winthrop. This covenant included the necessity of church members to be united in Christ for social responsibility, also the method of the mutual service, the devotional attitude to construct the God’s ideal communal society. Lastly, the Puritans who voyaged to the New World, made a social covenant in their cabin and in New England to create a new social community as a fundamental order. The characteristics of this covenant depict that they should, as a divine community, obey God’s Word, love Him sincerely, take care of their members with Christ’s mind, share joys and sorrows, and work together as united community members. It is not so difficult to find the thought of this social covenant in “the Mayflower Compact and the Magna Carta of Divine Society.”
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