존 스튜어트 밀의 환경론
John Stuart Mill’s Environmentalism
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밀의 환경론은 정상상태, 사회주의, 생태주의가 서로 긴밀히 연관된 사상이다. (1) 밀의 자연관은 정치경제학과 밀접한 연관을 갖고 있으며, 이 연관성을 잘 보여주는 부분이 정상상태론이다. (2) 정상상태론은 생산자협동조합 사회주의론과 연관되는데, 이 사회주의는 정상상태에서의 산업조직으로서 점진적이고 평화적으로 ‘소유적 개인주의’에 입각한 자본주의를 폐기한다. (3) 밀의 사회주의는 인구 조절과 소규모 공장을 전제할 뿐더러 특별히 ‘새로운 인간’의 창출을 확신하는데, 이 인간은 자연에 대한 지성적 개념을 견지하는 생태주의적 인간이다. (4) 밀은 자연의 내재적 가치를 인정하여 그로부터 윤리적 규범을 찾으려는 보존주의적 급진적 환경론과 자연을 오로지 인간의 욕구 충족의 대상으로 보는 자유주의적 자연관도 거부하였다. 그는 궁극적으로 인간이 자연 세계에 의존하며, 따라서 자연을 변화시키는 인간의 행위는 한계를 갖게 되며, 결국 인간의 총체적인 진보를 위해 자연에 대해 합리적이고 절제된 개입을 해야 한다고 주장하였다. 인구 조절, 정상상태, 사회주의를 전제한 이 입장은 인간과 자연의 관계를 지배와 착취가 아니라 조화의 관계로 본다.
Abstract
Recent studies on Mill’s ‘green liberalism’ or ecological thought have not paid due attention to the fact that the stationary state and cooperative socialism are inter-related ingredients that constitute Mill’s environmentalism. (1) Mill’s idea of nature is closely related to his political economy, and the discussion of the stationary state in the Principles of Political Economy succinctly expresses this connection. (2) Mill’s idea of the stationary state is also related to his socialism, i.e., producers’ cooperative, which is an industrial organization under the stationary state. It gradually and peacefully abolishes capitalism based upon ‘possessive individualism’. (3) Mill’s socialism presupposes population control and small-scale factories. It also creates a new man, who has affinity with ‘ecological man’ with intelligent conception of nature under the stationary state. (4) Mill considers progress both in terms of moral-intellectual development and emotional-aesthetic culture. The former is available under socialism, the latter in the stationary state. So Mill recommends that we see ourselves as a part of nature, that there be a limit to our efforts to change nature, and that we need rational and moderate intervention to nature for the total progress of mankind. Mill’s environmentalism shows not just a tension but a harmony between man and nature. Mill is neither a radical (conservationist) environmentalist who recognizes intrinsic value in nature, nor a liberal who views nature solely as an object to be exploited for the fulfillment of human desires.
참고문헌 (16)
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