존 스튜어트 밀과 사회주의의 관계에 대한 고찰
On the Relation of John Stuart Mill and Socialism
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존 스튜어트 밀이 사회주의자인가 하는 물음에 관해 일부 학자는 그가 자유주의적 자본주의의 틀에서 벗어나지 못했다는 부정적 반응을, 다른 일부 학자는 그가 사회주의 사회로의 점진적/단계적 이행을 확신했다는 긍정적 반응을 보인다. 부정적 해석은 밀이 자본주의 체제의 핵심인 사유재산제와 경쟁을 용인했다는 점, 혁명적/폭력적 체제전복과 중앙집권적 계획경제를 반대했다는 점을 부각한다. 이에 반해 긍정적 해석은 그가 수용한 사유재산제와 경쟁은 현재 경제체제에서의 그것들과는 본질적으로 달랐으며, 임금노동의 제거와 협동조합의 확산을 통해 사회주의 이념의 핵심인 계급 없는 사회를 구상했다고 점을 강조한다. 일부 학자는 이러한 엇갈린 해석의 원인이 밀의 사회주의적 지향이 상당한 특이성을 지닌다는 점, 그리고 사회주의론을 포함한 말년의 저술에서는 사회주의에 대한 그의 태도가 눈에 띄게 변한 것처럼 보인다는 점에 있다고 논한다. 그러나 이 논문에서 나는 엇갈린 해석의 진정한 원인이 인간의 물질적/정신적 향상과 이를 통한 최대 행복의 달성이라는 궁극적 목적으로 수렴되는 그의 공리주의적 판단의 변화 혹은 성숙에 있으며, 나아가 이러한 판단은 특정 정치경제 이념을 초월한다고 주장할 것이다.
Abstract
To the long disputed question of if John Stuart Mill was a socialist, some scholars have responded negatively that he was unable to break free from the basic framework of liberal capitalism, while some others have responded positively that he was quite confident in the gradual/phased transition to a socialist society in the near or remote future. The negative, or capitalistic, interpretation emphasizes Mill’s acceptance of private property and competition which are commonly conceived as the core of the capitalist scheme, and his opposition to revolutionary/violent overthrows and centralized planned economies. The positive, or socialistic, interpretation, on the other hand, argues that the institution of private property and the competition in the market he embraced were essentially different from those in the current economic system, and that he envisioned a classless society, which is central to socialist ideologies, through the elimination of wage-labor and the spread of cooperative communities. Some scholars have maintained that these conflicting interpretations are produced by the highly unique character of Mill’s socialist orientation and also by the fact that his attitude toward socialism seems to have changed in his later writings after 1860, including Chapters on Socialism. In this paper, however, I will suggest that the real cause lies in the change or maturity of his utilitarian judgment, which converges on the ultimate goal of human material and mental improvement and the attainment of the greatest happiness, and furthermore, that this judgment transcends any particular ideology of political economy.
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