19세기 영국신문에 나타난 인삼(ginseng)
Ginseng as It Appeared in 19th-Century British Newspapers
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초록
인삼은 이미 17세기에 세계시장에 등장한 중요한 상품이었지만, 커피, 담배, 육두구 등의 산물과는 달리 역사학의 주목을 받지 못했다. 17-18세기 인삼의 세계교역을 주도했던 주체는 영국이었는데, 그 기간 동안 영국과 미국에서의 인삼인식을 추적한 선행 작업의 연장선에서 이 글은 19세기 영국에서의 인삼담론을 분석한다. 주요 일간지와 지방지 총 28종이 실었던 인삼 관련 기사를 고찰하여 인삼의 국제적 교역로를 복원하고, 일방적 확산론에 근거한 유럽중심주의적 세계관을 교정하며, 근대 범지구적으로 다수의 ‘세계체제’가 존재했을 가능성을 제안한다. 19세기 영국신문의 기사들은 인삼에 대해 그동안 알려지지 않았던 많은 것들을 말해준다. 독립 후 미국이 중국과 직접교역에 나서면서 인삼을 공급하게 되자 영국의 인삼무역은 위기를 맞게 되었다. 하지만 영국이 19세기 초 인삼무역을 완전히 중단한 것이 아니었고, 인삼은 이후에도 계속 거래의 품목으로 주목받았다. 인삼은 동아시아 침탈이 가속화되는 시기 러시아와 일본이 눈독을 들이던 상품으로서 영국의 관심을 끌었는가 하면, 열강의 각축장이 되어버린 한국에 대한 담론에서 가장 중요한 수출품으로 주목받기도 했다. 그런데 영국신문의 기사들은 최소한 영국 내 의료영역에서는 인삼의 활용이 위축되었음을 시사한다. 오히려 인삼은 이제 동서양을 가르는 상징물로, 중국으로 대표되는 동아시아에 만연한 부패와 사치, 비합리성과 같은 전근대성의 표상으로 작용하며 서양의 개입을 정당화하는 표상이 되었다.
Abstract
This work aims to situate ginseng in the context of world history. Although ginseng was a highly valued commodity in global market in the early modern period, it had received surprisingly little scholarly attention, especially when compared to other ‘exotic substances.’ By analyzing the discourse in a total of 28 newspapers published in 19th century Britain, this article restores the international trade routes of ginseng and provides a counterweight to the grand narratives of unilateral European expansion. This also suggests that there existed multiple world-systems in early modern world. The news appeared in the newspapers in 19th-century Britain tell us many unknown facts about ginseng. As the newly independent United States began to trade directly with China, Britain lost its monopoly in ginseng trade. These setbacks notwithstanding, the British maintained a keen interest in the trade: not only the active international transactions of American ginseng industry, the Russian and Japanese rage after ginseng was closely followed. Many articles also noted the importance of ginseng in the export economy of Korea, then the arena of competitive plunder of many imperialist powers. On the other hand, information gleaned from the newspapers suggests that ginseng had lost much ground within British medical field. Now, it rather signified the corruption, luxury, and backward irrationality of China and represented as a symbol which called for the intervention of the ‘rational’ West.
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