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인삼 사냥꾼(Ginseng Hunter) - 북미대륙의 채삼(採蔘) 관행과 채삼인의 이미지

The Ginseng Hunters - Ginseng Digging in North America and the Image of Ginseng Diggers

설혜심
인문학연구원 (Institute of Humanities, Seoul National University)|2018.08|인문과학 (The Journal of the Humanities)|제113권 |pp. 169-203|DOI 10.23017/inmun.2018.113..169

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참고문헌

키워드

오리엔탈리즘Orientalism심마니내부 식민주의American ginseng화기삼아메리카인삼채삼인인삼사냥Panax quinquefoliusginseng diggersginseng huntingInternal colonialism
주제분류기타인문학

초록

18세기 초 캐나다에서 인삼(화기삼)이 발견된 후 인삼은 곧 북미대륙의 중요한 수출품으로 떠올랐다. 독립 후 차로 인한 무역역조를 극복해야 했던 미국에게인삼은 모피와 더불어 가장 중요한 대(對)중국 수출품이 되었고, 오늘날까지도북미산 인삼은 세계 인삼 시장에서 가장 높은 점유율을 차지하고 있다. 하지만미국에서 인삼의 역사적 의미는 은폐되다시피 했고, 인삼에 대한 학술적 담론은동아시아를 중심으로 펼쳐져 왔다. 이 논문은 그런 비대칭성을 교정하고자 하는 작업의 일환으로, 북미대륙에서인삼의 역사를 복원하는 한편 채삼인의 이미지를 분석한다. 애초 인디언들이 담당했던 채삼은 점차로 백인의 손에 넘어가게 되었다. 이들은 인삼의 까다로운 자생지에 대한 지식이며 건조법을 둘러싼 기술 등을 축적해 갔지만, 결코 중국만큼의 가공기술을 발휘할 수 없었다. 남북전쟁 후 진보를 표방하던 북부의 언론은 채삼인을 남부의 낙후성을 부각시키는데 끌어들이면서 삼 캐는 사람들에게 게으르고, 정착을 거부하며, 고립적인, 백인 빈민 가운데 최악의 계급이라는 이미지를 덧씌웠다. 채삼인에게 투사된 비합리성과 반문명성은 오리엔탈리즘적 시선을 통해 인삼을 둘러싼 신비하고주술적인 아우라와 결합되었고 그 결과 채삼인 집단은 미국이 이미 극복한 과거에 속한 일종의 내부 식민지로 전락하게 된다. 인삼의 최종 목적지는 중국이었고, 그런 인삼에 삶을 의존한 채삼인은 미국의 주류문화에 동화될 수 없는, 다른인종처럼 취급되었다.

Abstract

Soon after its discovery in the Canadian woods in the early 18th century, American Ginseng(Panax quinquefolius), became the most valuable export item for North America. America after the Independence designated ginseng along with furs as its specialties to overcome the serious adverse balance of trade with China. While Canada and America continued to be two of the largest producers of ginseng in the World Market to these days, American history tends to conceal the economical importance of ginseng and the academic discourse on ginseng has been dominated by East Asian scholars mainly focusing on Korean ginseng(Panax ginseng). This article, aiming to redress this noticeable asymmetry, restores the history of ginseng digging and also analyzes the images of the ginseng hunters. Native Americans engaged in ginseng trade in the earlier phase of ginseng boom, but this industry soon fell into white men’s hands. While they accumulated knowledge about the selectiveness of ginseng habitat and complicated process of its clarification, the Americans could not reach the Chinese standard of ginseng curing. After the Civil War, many progressive journalists from the North drew the ginseng diggers into the narratives on the Southern backwardness. They portrayed ginseng hunters as idle, resisting settlement, isolated, and wretched class of poor white. The irrational and anti-civilizational traits projected to the ginseng hunters with Orientalistic gaze were analogous to the mysterious and enchanting aura surrounding ginseng. And the place where people depended their lives entirely on this plant became a sort of internal colony. To America, the final destination of ginseng has always been China and the ginseng hunters were perceived as a different race who could not be assimilated into mainstream American culture.

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관련 논문AI추천

19세기 영국신문에 나타난 인삼(ginseng)설혜심영국사학회 · 영국연구2015 · 제34호17-18세기 영미권의 인삼(Ginseng) 인식설혜심대한의사학회 · 의사학2016 · 제25권 제2호서양의학에서의 인삼활용과 한계, 1660-1900-영국과 미국을 중심으로-설혜심대한의사학회 · 의사학2017 · 제26권 제3호衣食住에 나타난 인삼의 상징성과 역사 전통안상우한국의사학회 · 한국의사학회지2016 · 제29권 제2호청대 길림의 재배삼과 자연환경김선민동국역사문화연구소 · 동국사학2022 · 제73호Korean Ginseng (nhân sâm Cao Ly) in Vietnam during the First Half of the 19th century최병욱한국동남아학회 · 동남아시아연구2012 · 제22권 제3호

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