‘가짜’ 난민의 담론적 구성: 영국 난민신청자 지원정책을 중심으로
Discursive Construction of ‘Bogus’ Asylum Seekers: Changing Support for Asylum Seekers in Britain
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1990년대 초부터 영국으로 유입되는 난민신청자의 규모가 급격하게 증가하면서 경제적 이득을 목적으로 하는 ‘가짜’ 난민신청자에 대한 논의는 정치권의 주요 쟁점이 되어왔다. 영국사례는 난민정책이 복지정책과 맞물리면서 어떻게 일국 내에서 비호(asylum)가 더 이상 인도주의적이 아닌 경제적인 현상으로 구성되기 시작했는지 선명하게 보여준다. 본 논문은 영국 내 난민신청자의 복지와 경제적 권리에 대한 정책의 변화과정을 통해 난민신청자는 어떻게 ‘가짜’ 난민으로 구성되어 ‘비호’의 대상에서 ‘처벌’의 대상이 되었는지 그리고 ‘가짜’ 난민의 유입을 억제하기 위해 영국정부는 어떠한 통제방식을 도입하였는지 살펴본다. 25년 여간 영국의 난민정책을 관통하는 내러티브는 ‘대부분의 난민신청자가 복지체계에 의존하여 경제적 이익을 위해 이주한 가짜 난민이라는 위법적인 집단’이라는 주장이다. 영국의 난민정책을 둘러싼 핵심 담론은 난민신청자의 이주요인을 경제적 흡입효과로 단순화하는 논리에 근거하고 있다. 정부는 이에 대한 대응책으로 난민신청자의 노동시장 접근권을 제한하고 복지수당을 축소하여 ‘가짜’ 난민신청자의 유입을 차단하는 것에 중점을 두어왔다. 정책담론을 주도하는 진짜(genuine)와 가짜(bogus) 난민신청자라는 이항대립적 구분은 신청자의 개별적 상황, 법적, 정치적, 절차적 사안이 얽힌 복잡한 난민인정의 문제를 고도로 단순화시키는 데에 기여하였다.
Abstract
Since the early 1990s, the number of asylum seekers in Britain has grown dramatically, and ‘bogus’ asylum seekers as economic migrants have been a major issue for politicians. The British case illustrates the ways in which asylum has been constructed as an economic rather than a humanitarian phenomenon in the country of asylum destination. This paper examines the process of policy change on the welfare and economic rights of asylum seekers in Britain, and how asylum seekers are constructed as ‘bogus’ refugees, transforming from a subject for ‘protection’ into a target population for ‘punishment’. Over the last 25years the dominant policy narratives in Britain’s asylum policy is based on the knowledge claim that ‘many asylum seekers are bogus and illegal who are actually economic migrants seeking for the benefit of the welfare system’. Accordingly, the policy intervention by the government has been focused on removing ‘the pull factor’ of asylum migration by restricting access to the labor market and curtailing welfare allowances for asylum seekers. The genuine/bogus binary in the discourse of asylum policy has led to a high level of a simplification of a very complex phenomenon of asylum processes which are entwined with individual circumstances, legal, political and procedural issues.
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