다문화주의에 대한 반격과 영국 다문화주의 정책 담론의 변화
Policy Discourses on the Backlash against Multiculturalism in the United Kingdom
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초록
이 논문은 영국 내 다문화주의 정책의 발전 과정과 최근 불거진 반다문화주의 담론의 내용을 살펴보고, 실제 이러한 담론이 정책 및 현실에 어떠한 영향을미치고 있는지 고찰한다. 최근 몇 년간 유럽을 휩쓸고 있는 다문화주의 역풍에있어 영국도 예외는 아니나 영국 내에서 다문화주의에 대한 논란은 단지 최근현상만은 아니다. ‘다양성’이란 용어가 정치적 수사의 키워드가 되고 다양성과차이를 강조하는 정책들이 시행되기 시작한 이후부터 다문화주의를 둘러싼 논란은 지속되어 왔다. 그러나 2000년 이후 다문화주의가 주요한 정치적 이슈가되면서 논쟁이 새로운 국면으로 접어든다. 영국 북부 도시를 중심으로 한 인종갈등의 확산과 9/11과 7/7 테러를 계기로 국가 안보 및 사회 통합에 대한 논쟁이 격화되면서 당시 노동당 정부의 이민 및 다문화주의 정책 방향성에 변화가나타난다. 영국에서 다양성과 차이에 대한 담론의 초점은 인종(race)에서 종족(ethnicity)/문화(culture)로 그리고 최근 종교(religion)/믿음(belief)으로 이동하는 양상을 보이고 있다. 현재 영국 내 반다문화주의 담론은 실제 정책상의 큰변화를 불러 왔다기보다는 많은 부분 정치적 레토릭으로서 작용하고 있다. 이민자 유입 및 국경 관리 정책은 다문화주의 역풍과 더불어 실제 규제 강화와 통제중심으로 가고 있는 것이 사실이나, 영국 사회 내 이민자 통합 및 소수자 정책이 일괄적으로 반다문화주의 기조 하에 재편되고 있는 것은 아니다. 그러나 반다문화주의 정치 담론이 현재는 수사적 차원에 머물고 있어 보이나, 지속적으로영국 내 인종주의적 반이민자 정서를 확산시키고 있음을 감안한다면, 다문화주의라는 ‘담론의 장’에서 인종, 종교, 문화 등의 기표들이 어떻게 착종되면서 실제 사회적 적대를 강화하고 있는지 살펴보는 것이 중요하다.
Abstract
This paper examines political debates and public discourses on the recent backlash against multiculturalism and their impacts on policy shifts in the United Kingdom. For the last ten years, the convergence of arguments against multiculturalism has been evident across Europe, and many European governments, including the UK, have been purposely abandoning the notion ‘multicultural’ from their policy discourses. Nevertheless, the backlash against multiculturalism is not a particularly new phenomenon in the UK. Since the 1970s when ‘diversity’ became a keyword for political rhetoric and public policies, controversies over multiculturalism have proliferated throughout the country. Yet since the early 2000s, multiculturalism has turned into a major political issue and long-established multiculturalism policy and practice have come under scrutiny. The year 2001 was critical in shifting the discourses surrounding multiculturalism, first as a result of disturbances in the ethnically-mixed northern cities of the UK, then because of 9/11. The latter, along with the 7/7 London bombings in 2005, intensified public debates on national security and social integration, which resulted in the redirection of immigration and multiculturalism policies. The construction of diversity and difference in the UK has moved from ‘race’ to ‘ethnicity/culture’ and thence to ‘religion/belief’. Although the recent multiculturalism backlash causes a rhetorical adjustment in political discourses rather than substantial changes in real policies and practices, the backlash discourses surely seem resonant with a growing power of anti-immigrant populism. Furthermore, the UK government's massive funding cuts have hit social support systems for immigrants exposing immigrants and racial minorities to increasing socio-economic inequality. Therefore, it is important to further consider how 'multiculturalism' positions itself as a discursive space where the discussion of race, gender, class, religion and culture are fomented.
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