한국, 미국, 스웨덴의 생태적 패러다임과 친환경구매성향 비교연구
Cross-cultural comparison of New Environmental Paradigm and pro-environmental purchase behavior in Korea, USA & Sweden
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초록
생태계가 존재론적 위기에 직면해 있다. 생태위기를 초래한 소비주의를 극복하기 위해서는 생태적 패러다임으로의 의식전환이 필요하다. 본 연구는 생태적 패러다임에 대한 인식이 소비자의 친환경구매성향에 미치는 영향력을 규명하고자, 한국․미국․스웨덴 삼국의 20대∼40대 성인 총 1,500명을 대상으로 국제비교연구를 실시했다. 연구결과, 한국과 미국의 생태적 패러다임 수준은 유사한 경향을 보이는 반면, 스웨덴에서는 생태적 패러다임이 두 국가보다 훨씬 더 높은 것으로 나타나 스웨덴의 높은 환경의식을 확인할 수 있었다. 세 국가 모두에서 생태적 패러다임이 친환경구매성향에 가장 큰 영향을 미치는 변수로 규명되어, 생태적 패러다임에 기반한 가치적 전환이 향후 친환경소비의 성장과 확대에 중요한 전제조건이 될 수 있음을 확인했다. 또한 세 국가에서 공통적으로 환경운동 활동경험이 친환경구매성향에 기여하는 바가 큰 것으로 나타나 유년기부터 체계적으로 환경활동에 참여한다면, 소비자 개인차원에서 생태주의 가치를 체득함은 물론이고 사회적 차원에서도 친환경구매를 육성하는데 기여할 수 있을 것으로 보인다. 한편 인구통계학적 요인의 영향력은 국가별로 상이한 결과를 보였다. 한국에서는 기혼일수록 높은 친환경구매성향을 보였고, 미국의 경우 연령이 낮을수록, 스웨덴의 경우 학력이 높을수록 친환경구매성향이 높은 것으로 나타났다. 이러한 결과는 국가와 문화를 넘어 친환경 소비문화에 보편적으로 영향을 미치는 변수가 존재하지만, 한편으로는 국가별 문화와 지속가능발전 수준에 따라 친환경구매에 영향을 미치는 변수가 상이할 수 있음을 시사한다. 생태위기를 극복하고 지속가능한 사회로의 전환을 위해, 개인과 사회구조의 정반합식 변혁이 불가피하다. 생태적 패러다임의 확산과 환경활동은 소비자가 자본주의적 산업사회의 논리를 배태한 일상생활의 구조를 벗어나 주체적이고 성찰적인 소비역량을 강화할 수 있도록 지원하는 방편이 될 수 있을 것이다. 아울러 사회구조적인 차원에서의 자원저감이 수반되어야 하며 이를 통해 소비의 총량을 줄이는 한편, 물질이 아닌 다양한 문화수단을 통해 소비자의 욕구를 충족시킬 수 있도록 개인․학계․정부의 노력이 뒤따라야 할 것이다.
Abstract
The ecological system is facing existential crisis. Transition to ecological paradigm is required to overcome over-consumption society. This research aimed to conduct cross-cultural comparison on ecological paradigm and pro-environmental shopping behavior of 1,500 consumers in Korea, USA and Sweden. The research results showed that ecological paradigm was very dominant in Sweden compared to that in Korea and USA. The ecological paradigm was the most influential factor on pro- environmental shopping behavior in three countries respectively, which implies that value transition is a critical condition for sustainable society. In addition, environmental activity involvement was second impactful factor on pro-environmental shopping. Systematic environmental engagement can contribute to the acquirement of ecological value and the pro-environmental purchase as well. The influence of demographic factors was varied by countries. In Korea, married couple had a higher tendency of pro-environmental purchase. In USA, the younger the higher was the pro- environmental purchase tendency. In Sweden, the higher education group had a higher pro- environmental tendency. This result imply that the influential factors can vary according to each country's culture, tradition and the level of sustainable development, while there are common influential factors towards pro-environmental purchases in the global level. The change should be considered both in the individual and the socio-structural level to overcome ecological crisis. The expansion of ecological paradigm and active affiliation with pro-environmental activities can be suggested as remedies to strengthen autonomic and reflexible consumer capabilities. The total amount of consumption should be reduced in a socio-structural level and the transition to cultural society should be activated to fulfill human social and interactional needs.
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