Processes Underlying the Development of Korean Intensifiers: the Cases of “nemwu”, ＂nemwunemwu＂ and ＂nem＂
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The Linguistic Association of Korea Journal, 16(3), 163-192. The Korean adverb "nemwu" has changed from a negative degree to a positive emphasis, being often used in pragmatic situations (Lim 2002). The present paper reevaluates "nemwu" in a usage-based approach to grammaticalization (Bybee 2001, 2006; Bybee & Hopper 2001) by providing semantic, functional and collocational evidence based on Korean corpora. In terms of scope, we concentrate on the relations between "nemwu" and the recent variants. Of particular interest is the recent emergence of various discourse functions of "nemwu," which can be associated with increasing circulation of the reduplicated form "nemwunemwu" (listed as an independent word on the modern dictionary) and the reduced emphatic form "nem" in spoken Korean. The question raised is, how and why the semantic extension and formal diversity of "nemwu" have come about. This article claims that the whole progress of "nemwu" is in accord with the universal grammaticalization path of discourse markers: decategorization, increase of pragmatic function, phonological reduction, persistence and increase in scope. Evidence suggests that the diversities in form and semantics can be explained through the correlations between frequency and degree of grammaticalization.
Abstract
The Linguistic Association of Korea Journal, 16(3), 163-192. The Korean adverb "nemwu" has changed from a negative degree to a positive emphasis, being often used in pragmatic situations (Lim 2002). The present paper reevaluates "nemwu" in a usage-based approach to grammaticalization (Bybee 2001, 2006; Bybee & Hopper 2001) by providing semantic, functional and collocational evidence based on Korean corpora. In terms of scope, we concentrate on the relations between "nemwu" and the recent variants. Of particular interest is the recent emergence of various discourse functions of "nemwu," which can be associated with increasing circulation of the reduplicated form "nemwunemwu" (listed as an independent word on the modern dictionary) and the reduced emphatic form "nem" in spoken Korean. The question raised is, how and why the semantic extension and formal diversity of "nemwu" have come about. This article claims that the whole progress of "nemwu" is in accord with the universal grammaticalization path of discourse markers: decategorization, increase of pragmatic function, phonological reduction, persistence and increase in scope. Evidence suggests that the diversities in form and semantics can be explained through the correlations between frequency and degree of grammaticalization.
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