본문 바로가기
KERD
논문KCI 등재

팀 수행에서 콜러동기향상효과에 대한 비교문화연구

A Cross-cultural Study on The Köhler Motivation Gain Effect in Team Performance

석동헌
한국산업및조직심리학회 (Korean Society for Industrial and Organizational Psychology)|2013.05|한국심리학회지: 산업 및 조직 (Korean Journal of Industrial and Organizational Psychology)|제26권 제2호|pp. 371-411|DOI 10.24230/ksiop.26.2.201305.371

0

조회

0

다운로드

2

인용

0

참고문헌

키워드

Team performanceage나이cross-cultural비교문화팀 수행콜러동기향상효과Köhler motivation gain effect
주제분류심리과학

초록

이 연구의 목적은 콜러동기향상효과(즉, 팀 내의 하위 수행자가 팀의 성과에 방해가 되지 않기 위해 혼자 수행할 때에 비해 더 열심히 수행하는 현상)와 관련된 팀 수행에서 비교문화적 차이를 만들어낼 수 있는 요인(즉, 팀 구성원들 간의 나이 구성)을 고찰하는 것이었다. 실험 1에서는 동아시아 문화와 서구 문화의 차이(예. 집합주의 대 개인주의, 상호의존적 자기해석 대 독립적 자기해석)가 콜러동기향상효과를 조절할 수 있으리라 제안했으나, 예상과 달리 문화가 콜러효과를 조절하지 않는다는 결과를 얻었다. 실험 2에서는 한국사회의 가족중시문화와 나이중시문화로 인해 작업팀에서 팀원 간 관계 변인들 즉, 가족관계와 나이 차이가 팀 수행에서의 문화차이를 만들어낼 수 있으리라 추론하고, 이 변인들을 가상적인 경영상황에서 직접적으로 조작하는 시나리오 연구를 수행했다. 그 결과, 미국사람들보다 한국사람들이 더 젊은 파트너와 팀을 이루어 수행할 때 훨씬 더 높은 수행의도를 보여줌으로써 팀 수행의 문화차이에 기여할 수 있는 나이의 효과를 입증하였다. 실험 3은 수행자의 수행의도를 측정했던 실험 2의 결과가 실제 수행 자료를 통해서도 입증되는지, 그리고 나이의 효과를 설명할 수 있는 세 대안적 설명기제들을 상대적으로 검증하기 위해 실시되었다. 그 결과, 실제 수행과 주관적 측정치 모두에서 한국의 나이효과가 반복검증되었고 또 대안적 설명기제 중에서 책임감 설명이 한국수행자들이 보이는 나이효과를 가장 적절하게 설명한다는 것을 나타내 주었다(즉, 한국사람들은 나이든 파트너보다 더 젊은 파트너와 함께 일할 때 팀의 성과에 대해 더 큰 책임감을 느낀다). 본 연구의 이론적 시사점 및 현장 응용에 대한 시사점, 국내 산업 및 조직심리학 분야에서 이루어진 팀 연구와의 관련성, 그리고 본 연구의 제한점과 미래연구에 대한 제언이 논의되었다.

Abstract

The present study examined a factor that could contribute to cross-cultural differences in team performance (viz., age composition between team members) within one group motivation-gain paradigm (viz. the Köhler motivation gain, where a low-ability team member works harder in a team where they are the “weak link” than if s/he were working alone; Hertel, Kerr, & Messé, 2000a). In Exp. 1, I proposed that cultural difference between East Asians and Westerners(e.g., collectivism vs. individualism, interdependent vs. independent self-construal) could moderate the Köhler motivation gain effect, but the results showed that the culture did not moderate the Köhler effect. In Exp. 2, I found that age composition between group members (i.e., working with younger partner vs. older partner) might have different meaning in Korean culture compared to American culture. Finally, in Exp. 3., I conducted an experiment which extended the results of the Exp. 2 in two ways: 1) the Exp. 3 collected actual performance data rather than respondents’ intention to perform, as in the prior study, and 2) the Exp. 3 competitively tested alternative explanations for an age-of-partner effect in Korea. Both the performance results and subjective ratings of the present study suggested that the age effect in Korea could be explained in terms of participant’s felt responsibility in the task performance situation (i.e., Koreans felt more responsibility for the outcome of their group when they worked with a younger partner than an older partner). These results were discussed in terms of the social psychological implications of the deeply rooted Confucianism in Korean society (Koh, 1996). Limitations of the study and implications of the results for understanding existing cross-cultural theories were also discussed.

참고문헌 (72)

  1. 김용인, "상호의존성이 임시팀 지식근로자의 효과성에 미치는 영향", 한국심리학회지: 산업 및 조직, 15(3), pp.133~161 (2002), 한국산업및조직심리학회
  2. 노연희, "팀의 구성이 팀 수행에 미치는 영향: 인구통계학적 다양성, 인지다양성 및 성격 특성을 중심으로", 한국심리학회지: 산업 및 조직, 25(4), pp.861~887 (2012), 한국산업및조직심리학회
  3. 류수영, "집단구성의 다양성과 군자적 리더십이 집단성과에 미치는 영향: 군자적 리더십의 조절효과 검증", 한국심리학회지: 산업 및 조직, 25(1), pp.27~58 (2012), 한국산업및조직심리학회
  4. 조긍호, "한국인 이해의 개념틀" (2003), 나남
  5. 최인섭, "팀 업무 수행과 보상의 유관성 수준이 사회적 태만 행동에 미치는 효과", 한국심리학회지: 산업 및 조직, 26(1), pp.103~118 (2013), 한국산업및조직심리학회
  6. 한덕웅, "퇴계심리학" (1994), 성균관대학교 출판부
  7. 한덕웅, "한국유학심리학" (2003), 시그마프레스
  8. Aycan, Z., "Paternalism: Towards conceptual refinement and operationalization, In Indigenous and cultural psychology: Understanding people in context", pp.27~48 (2006), Springer Science+Business Media
  9. Bell, B. S., "A typology of virtual teams : Implications for effective leadership", Group and Organization Management, 27(1), pp.14~49 (2002)
  10. Brislin, R. W., "The wording and translation of research instruments, In Field methods in cross-cultural research", pp.137~164 (1986), Sage
  11. Choi, S. C., "Indigenous analysis of collective representations: A Korean perspective, In Indigenous psychologies: Research and experience in cultural context", pp.193~200 (1993), Sage
  12. Duncan, J. B., "Uses of Confucianism in modern Korea, In Rethinking Confucianism: Past and present in China, Japan, Korea, and Vietnam", pp.431~462 (2002), UCLA Asia Institute
  13. Fiske, A. P., "cultural matrix of social psychology, In The handbook of social psychology 4th ed. Vol. 2", pp.915~981 (1998), McGraw-Hill
  14. Gockel, C., "Indispensability and group identification as sources of task motivation", Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 44, pp.1316~1321 (2008)
  15. Han, G., "Effects of family, region, and school network ties on interpersonal intentions and the analysis of network activities in Korea, In Individualism and collectivism: Theory, method, and applications", pp.251~266 (1994), Sage
  16. Han, G., "A cultural profile of Korean society : From vertical collectivism to horizontal individualism", Korean Social Science Journal, 27(2), pp.69~96 (2000)
  17. Hertel, G., "Motivation gains in computer-mediated work groups", Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 33, pp.2080~2105 (2003)
  18. Hertel, G., "Managing virtual teams : A review of current empirical research", Human Resource Management Review, 15, pp.69~95 (2005)
  19. Hertel, G., "Motivation gains in performance groups : Paradigmatic and theoretical developments on the Köhler effect", Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 79, pp.580~601 (2000)
  20. Hertel, G., "Exploring the Köhler motivation gain effect : Impression management and spontaneous goal setting", Zeischrift fur Sozialpsychologie, 31, pp.204~220 (2000)
  21. Hertel, G., "Managing distance by interdependence : Goal setting, task interdependence, and team-based rewards in virtual teams", European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 13, pp.1~28 (2004)
  22. Hertel, G., "Social indispensability or social comparison : The why and when of motivation gains of inferior group members", Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 35(5), pp.1329~1363 (2008)
  23. Hinsz, V. B., "Goal setting by groups performing an additive task : A comparison with individual goal setting", Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 25, pp.965~990 (1995)
  24. Karau, S. J., "Social loafing : A meta-analytic review and theoretical integration", Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 65(4), pp.681~706 (1993)
  25. Kerr, N. L., "Sex composition of groups and member motivation II : Effects of relative member ability", Basic and Applied Social Psychology, 5, pp.255~271 (1984)
  26. Kerr, N. L., "Identifiability, performance feedback and the Köhler effect", Group Processes and Intergroup Relations, 8(4), pp.375~390 (2005)
  27. Kerr, N. L., "Psychological mechanisms underlying the Köhler motivation gain", Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 33(6), pp.828~841 (2007)
  28. Kerr, N. L., "". . . with a little help from my friends" : Friendship, Effort Norms, and Group Motivation Gain", Journal of Managerial Psychology, 26(3), pp.205~218 (2011)
  29. Kerr, N. L., "Social ostracism and group motivation gain", European Journal of Social Psychology, 38(4), pp.736~746 (2008)
  30. Kim, U. M., "Significance of paternalism and communalism in the occupational welfare system of Korean firms: A national survey, In Individualism and collectivism: Theory, method, and applications", pp.251~266 (1994), Sage
  31. Kim, U., "South Korea, In Families across cultures: A 30-nation psychological study", pp.450~457 (2006), Cambridge University Press
  32. Kim, U., "The scientific foundation of indigenous and cultural psychology: The transactional approach, In Indigenous and cultural psychology: Understanding people in context", pp.27~48 (2006), Springer Science+Business Media
  33. Koh, B. I., "Confucianism in contemporary Korea, In Confucian Traditions in East Asian Modernity: Moral Education and Economic Culture in Japan and the Four Mini-dragons", pp.191~201 (1996), Harvard University Press
  34. Köhler, O., "Kraftleistungen bei Einzel-und Gruppenabeit [Physical performance in individual and group situations", Industrielle Psychotechnik, 3, pp.274~282 (1926)
  35. Köhler, O., "Uber den Gruppenwirkungsgrad der menschlichen Korperarbeit und die Bedingung optimaler Kollektivkraftreaktion On group efficiency of physical labor and the conditions of optimal collective performance", Industrielle Psychotechnik, 4, pp.209~226 (1927)
  36. Latané, B., "Many hands make light the work : The causes and consequences of social loafing", Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 37, pp.822~832 (1979)
  37. Leung, K., "Different carrots for different rabbits: Effects of individualism-collectivism and power distance on work motivation, In Work motivation in the context of a globalizing economy", pp.329~339 (2001), Lawrence Erlbaum Associates
  38. Leung, K., "The impact of cultural collectivism on reward allocation", Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 47, pp.793~804 (1984)
  39. Locke, E. A., "A theory of goal-setting and task performance" (1990), Prentice Hall
  40. Lount, R. B., "An examination of the stability and persistence of the Köhler motivation gain effect", Group Dynamics : Theory, Research, and Practice, 12(4), pp.279~289 (2008)
  41. Lount, R. B., Jr, "Trying harder for different reasons : Conjunctivity and sex differences as bases for motivation gains in performing groups", Zeischrift fur Sozialpsychologie, 31, pp.221~230 (2000)
  42. Lount, R. B., "Evaluation concerns and the Köhler Effect : The impact of physical presence on motivation gains", Small Group Research, 39(6), pp.795~812 (2008)
  43. Markus, H., "Culture and the self : Implications for cognition, emotion, and motivation", Psychological Review, 98, pp.224~253 (1991)
  44. McNaughton, W., "The Confucian vision" (1974), The University of Michigan Press
  45. Messé, L. A., "Knowledge of partner’s ability as a moderator of group motivation gains : An exploration of the Köhler discrepancy effect", Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 82(6), pp.935~946 (2002)
  46. Nisbett, R. E., "Culture and systems of thought : Holistic vs. analytic cognition", Psychological Review, 108, pp.291~310 (2001)
  47. Oldstone-Moore, J., "Confucianism : Origins, beliefs, practices, holy texts, sacred places" (2002), The Oxford University Press
  48. Palais, J. B., "Confucianism and economic development in South Korea, In Rethinking Confucianism: Past and present in China, Japan, Korea, and Vietnam", pp.489~517 (2002), UCLA Asia Institute
  49. Park, I. H., "Confucianism and the Korean family", Journal of Comparative Family Studies, 26(1), pp.117~134 (1995)
  50. Pelled, L. H., "Demographic diversity, conflict, and work group outcomes : An intervening process theory", Organization Science, 7, pp.615~631 (1996)
  51. Shun, K. L., "Confucian ethics" (2004), Cambridge University Press
  52. Segall, M. H., "Cross-cultural psychology as a scholarly discipline : On the flowering of culture in behavioral research", American Psychologist, 53(10), pp.11017~11110 (1998)
  53. Shepperd, J. A., "Productivity loss in performance groups : A motivation analysis", Psychological Bulletin, 113, pp.67~81 (1993)
  54. Smith, P. B., "Social psychology across cultures(2nd ed. )" (1998), Allyn and Bacon
  55. Steiner, I. D., "Group process and productivity" (1972), Academic Press
  56. Stroebe, W., "Social compensation and the Köhler effect: Toward a theoretical explanation of motivation gains in group productivity, In Understanding group behavior: Consensual action by small groups Vol. 2", pp.37~65 (1996), L. Erlbaum
  57. Tamney, J. B., "Modernization, globalization, and Confucianism in Chinese societies" (2002), Praeger
  58. Triandis, H. C., "The self and social behavior in differing cultural contexts", Psychological Review, 96, pp.506~520 (1989)
  59. Triandis, H. C., "Cross-cultural studies of individualism and collectivism, In Nebraska Symposium on Motivation, 1989", pp.41~133 (1990), University of Nebraska Press
  60. Triandis, H. C., "Individualism and collectivism" (1995), Westview
  61. Triandis, H. C., "Motivation to work in cross-cultural perspective, In The Psychology of Work: Theoretically Based Empirical Research", pp.101~117 (2002), L. Erlbaum
  62. Todd, A. R., "Social compensation: Fact or social-comparison artifact?", Group Processes and Intergroup Relations, 9(3), pp.431~442 (2006)
  63. Tu, W. M., "Confucianism in an historical perspective" (1989), The Institute of East Asian Philosophies
  64. Tu, W. M., "Way, learning, and politics: Essays on the Confucian intellectual" (1993), State University of New York Press
  65. Tu, W. M., "Probing the “Three Bond” and “Five Relationships” in Confucian humanism, In Confucianism and the Family", pp.121~136 (1998), State University of New York Press
  66. Vroom, V. H., "Work and motivation" (1964), Wiley
  67. Williams, K. D., "Social loafing and social compensation : The effects of expectations of co-worker performance", Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 61, pp.570~581 (1991)
  68. Wittchen, M., "Indispensability effects in spite of temporal and spatial separation : Motivation gains in a sequential task during anonymous cooperation on the Internet", International Journal of Internet Science, 2, pp.12~27 (2007)
  69. Witte, E. H., "Köhler rediscovered : The anti-Ringelmann effect", European Journal of Social Psychology, 19, pp.147~154 (1989)
  70. Witte, E. H., "The Köhler effect: Definition of terms, empirical observations and theoretical concept" (2002), University of Hamburg
  71. Yao, X., "An introduction to Confucianism" (2000), Cambridge University Press
  72. Yim, D., "Psychocultural Features of ancestor worship in Modern Korean society, In Confucianism and the Family", pp.163~186 (1998), State University of New York Press

관련 논문AI추천

The Effects of Collectivism in Northeast Asia and Inflated Performance Ratings on Employees’ Motivation소원현동북아시아문화학회 · 동북아 문화연구2012 · 제1권 제33호동북아 집단주의 문화의 관점에서 바라본 사회적 태만의 변인: 사회적 태만의 요인적 기제 고찰과 해결책 연구소원현동북아시아문화학회 · 동북아 문화연구2010 · 제1권 제25호한국인의 문화성향에 관한 메타분석: 집단주의와 개인주의를 중심으로김상아, 박혜경사회과학연구소 · 지역과 세계2018 · 제42권 제3호개인의 집단주의 성향이 업무에서의 커뮤니케이션 만족도에 미치는 영향 : 팀의 집단주의 성향과 업무 상호의존도 인식의 매개 효과최창식한국소통학회 · 한국소통학보2019 · 제18권 제1호비교 문화의 관점에서 고찰한 동북아 지역의 집단주의 문화가 조직구성원의 창의력에 미치는 영향소원근동북아시아문화학회 · 동북아 문화연구2012 · 제1권 제30호창의성 팀 활동에서 개인주의․집단주의에 의한 팀 구성방식이 집단창의성과 집단효능감에 미치는 영향권재기, 정미경한국창의력교육학회 · 창의력교육연구2018 · 제18권 제2호

이 간행물의 다른 논문 (8건)

R&D 조직 구성원들의 역량개발 활동 참여에서의 학습풍토 및 학습목표지향성의 역할: 공식적 vs. 비공식적 역량개발 활동이선희pp. 177-194기업의 사회공헌활동에 대한 인식이 조직시민행동에 미치는 영향: 조직몰입의 매개효과와 봉사적 가치관의 조절효과노균환, 유태용pp. 195-218Temporal Dynamics of Emotions Within a Workday: The Moderating Effect of Neuroticism장재윤, A. L. Cook, S. C. Paynepp. 219-243햅틱(haptic) 지각 연구 동향과 조직 및 소비자 심리학 영역으로의 응용: 만지고 접촉하는 것은 조직 및 소비 행동에 어떤 영향을 미치는가?박인조, 이주일pp. 245-269조직과 직무차원의 자원이 자긍심을 통해 종업원 몰입에 미치는 영향: 대상유사성 모형(Target Similarity Model)을 중심으로원정선, 조중연, 신강현, 백승근, 이종현pp. 271-296
원문 보기