조직몰입 3요소 모형의 내적구조 검토: 탐색적 구조방정식 모형(ESEM)의 적용
Evaluation of the Three-Component Model of Organizational Commitment in South Korea: Exploratory Structural Equation Modeling(ESEM) Approach
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참고문헌
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초록
본 연구에서는 조직몰입 3요소 모형(Allen & Meyer, 1990)의 내적구조를 탐색적 구조방정식 모형(ESEM: Exploratory Structural Equation Modeling)을 적용하여 검토하였다. 그동안 많은 선행 연구들에서는 3요소 모형에 대한 확인적 요인분석의 결과로 정서적, 지속적, 규범적 몰입의 각 척도가 서로 구별되는 구성개념을 측정하는 것으로 보고되었다. 이에 본 연구는 기존의 문항분석 방식과 다른 개방적 문항분석 방식인 ‘척도 내’ 그리고 ‘척도 간’ ESEM을 적용하여, 한국의 사회복지기관에서 일하는 사회복지사를 대상으로 수집된 자료에서 문항들 간에 측정오차간 상관이 통제된 가운데 3요소 척도의 내적구조를 보다 정밀히 검토하였다. 이를 위해, 전통적 방식의 EFA 결과와 CFA결과를 개방적 방식의 ‘척도 내’ ESEM 결과와 비교하여 제시하고, 다른 유사 개념 또는 선행변수로 자주 연구되는 척도들과 함께 ‘척도 간’ ESEM을 실시한 결과를 제시하였다. 그 결과 ‘척도 내’ ESEM 모형에서 EFA 및 CFA 보다 더 높은 합치도와 요인 변별도가 제시되어, 실제 자료를 보다 잘 반영한 3요소 모형의 내적구조를 확인할 수 있었다. ‘척도 간’ ESEM 분석 결과에서는 방법요인에 의한 상관값이 비교적 크게 나타나, 방법효과가 여러 개념들이 함께 측정되는 경험 자료에서 얼마나 심각하게 본래의 척도 구조를 왜곡시킬 수 있는지를 실증적으로 보여주었다. 이는 부정적 표현의 역문항들과 번역 과정에서 본래 의도와 다르게 해석될 수 있는 표현으로 인해 문항들간 발생가능한 방법효과를, 측정오차간 상관으로 추정하면서 확인된 부분이다. 3요소 모형의 내적구조를 검토하기 위해 본 연구에서 시도한 ESEM 방법론을 통해, 척도 내 문항들에서 발생할 수 있는 동일방법 효과를 통제하고서 내적 구조를 추정함은 물론, 각 문항들이 복수의 유사 개념을 측정할 수 있는 가능성을 충분히 허용함으로서 실제 척도의 양상을 보다 개방적으로 검토할 수가 있었다. 이러한 분석 결과는 서구에서 개발된 3요소의 선언척도가 문화권이 다른 한국의 경험 자료에서 나타나는 실제척도와 얼마나 다를 수 있는지를 확인하는 기회가 되면서, 동시에 한국의 문화를 반영한 조직몰입의 개념화와 타당화의 필요성을 제기한다. 한국 직장인들이 생각하는 조직몰입의 구성개념과 이론의 논리적 구조가 확립되어, 경험연구에서 지지될 수 있는 탄탄한 내적구조를 가진 조직몰입 척도의 개발이 요구된다.
Abstract
Allen and Meyer's(1990) 3-component model of organizational commitment(OC) was investigated using exploratory structural equation modeling(ESEM) with samples of full-time social workers at social welfare organizations in South Korea. Confirmatory factor analysis(CFA) has been at the heart of testing factor structure of the 3-component model in organizational commitment research wherein each scale of the affective, continuance, and normative commitment is reported to measure conceptually and empirically separable construct. The present study applied ESEM, specifically ‘intra-scale’ and ‘inter-scale’ ESEM, to scrutinize factor structure of the 3-component scales. ESEM methodology uses exploratory approach in that all cross-loadings are estimated between each measure and factors, with uniqueness correlated according to the researcher's hypotheses as in CFA. In this respect, ESEM can be viewed as an open approach to item analysis distinguished from the conventional (closed) approach, such as EFA and CFA. This study provided detailed assessment of the 3-component model through comparisons of factor structures estimated by EFA, CFA and ‘intra’ ESEM, followed by the ‘inter’ ESEM conducted on all other variables(assumed to be similar constructs with or antecedents of OC). As a result, the ‘intra-scale’ ESEM showed a substantially better fit and yielded more discriminated factors(less correlated) than did EFA and CFA that are models for planned scale. The ‘inter-scale’ ESEM revealed how seriously method effect can distort an original factor structure in empirical data measured together with multiple scales of other constructs. Using ESEM has advantages of estimating common factor structures, controlling for common method effect that are typically included in measures in applied research. Also, it allows for much more possibilities that each item can measure multiple constructs so as to reveal more realistic factor structures. Taken together, the present results suggest a need to conceptualize and validate a new scale for organizational commitment reflecting Korean culture.
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