社會’考古學 그 理論的 展開에 대하여
Historical Review of the Theoretical Approaches in Social Archaeology
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최근 취락과 분묘에 대한 전면 구제발굴로 축적된 자료를 통해 청동기시대 '사회'고고학의 연구가 활발히 이루어지고 있다. 과거 사회의 연구는 한편으로 英美 '사회'고고학으로부터 다른 한편으로는 일본의 彌生時代 공동체 연구로부터 개념과 이론적 전제를 채택하는 경향이다. 이 논문은 英美 '사회'고고학의 이론적 전개에 대한 검토를 통해 최근 우리의 청동기시대 사회연구의 개념적 문제를 점검하고 연구 과제를 정돈해 보기 위해 작성되었다.20세기 전반까지 고고학은 유물과 문화를 다루어 왔지만 20세기 중반에 이르러 고고학은 사회와 그 진화로 관심을 돌렸다. 특히 기능주의 과정고고학은 사회진화의 수준을 판단하기 위해 취락유형을 분석하였고 사회집단의 규모와 사회조직을 정의하는 것이 '사회'고고학의 가장 기초적인 작업이라고 생각했다. 이에 반해 네오-마르크스주의 고고학자들은 분석의 단위로서 사회적 실체를 정의하기 보다는 사회적 재생산이 이루어지는 관계망과 같은 것을 설명하려 했다. 그들은 사회의 형성과 변동이 단위사회와 같은 국지적인 관계를 통해서도 일어나지만 그것도 거시적인 사회관계의 일부라는 사실을 강조하였다. 20세기 말에 이르러 고고학에서도 사회보다는 사회성(social), 혹은 사회생활(social life)의 해석에 초점을 맞춘다. 全體化되고 固定된 실체로서의 社會에 대한 관념을 버리고 과거와 현재에 걸쳐 일상생활에서 性, 年齡, 젠더의 觀念과 그 물질적인 표상들에 관한 담론이 본격화된 것이다.최근, 우리 학계의 청동기시대 사회연구는 전면 발굴된 취락과 분묘 자료의 분석을 통해 사회의 통합과 위계를 진단하는 연구가 많이 이루어지고 있다. 이러한 연구는 영미 기능주의 고고학과 일본식 공동체론의 접근과 유사하며 사회를 정의하기 위해 고고학 자료를 적절하게 분석하기 시작하였다는데 중요한 의미가 있다. 그러나 유물복합체의 시·공간적인 분포나 광역으로 나타나는 물질문화의 해석에서는 文化單位, 種族性, 民族史 등을 의식하게 되면서 자연스럽지 못한 담론이 되고 만다. 또한 통합적인 실체 혹은 규제로서의 社會槪念에 묶여 사회성에 대한 탐구도 멀게 느껴진다. 그래서 지금 우리의 '사회'고고학에서는 그러한 개념적인 장애물을 제거하고 과거사회 연구의 과제를 확대할 필요가 있다고 본다.
Abstract
The culture-historical archaeology in the early twentieth century was concerned with describing the regional sequence of material culture. From the middle of this century the functional archaeologists began to analyze the settlement patterns to define the social entities and their evolutionary levels. For Colin Renfrew as one of the processual archaeologist, the definitions of the territorial scales and the internal organizations of the past social units were believed to be fundamental in the researches of ‘social’ archaeology. But the contemporary neo-Marxist archaeologists refused to observe the social changes from the internal of the social units. They suggested that the social changes of the local group could not be isolated from the larger system. The critical aim of social archaeology, therefore, is to explain the social reproduction process in the contexts of the local and global social networks. With the recent turning from society to the social, the social archaeologists begin to explore the every meaning of social practice in the past and present daily life based on the social theories of Giddens and Broudieu. From the 1990's, some Korean archaeologists have tried to define the scale and hierarchical organization of social units, analyzing the settlement and burial data of Bronze age similarly to the work of western functional archaeologists. Apart from the social approaches to the settlements and burials, the inter-regionally distributed objects, such as bronze dagger and mirror and jade ornaments, have not been adequately interpreted because of the ethnic concern to reconstruct the nation's history.
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