고구려 적석총 단계의 祭儀 양상

Abstract

This study observes the construction of Goguryeo stone-filed tombs and the act of ancestral rites in order to understand the aspect of Goguryeo people’s religion and ancestral rites. Archaeological data and documentary record about myo-sang architecture(Build and architecture above a tomb), altar, bae-chong(small tomb situated next to the main tomb), arbor, tomb furnishing, mural painting, sumyo(ancient custom of guarding a tomb) that can be seen on Goguryeo stone-filed tombs history or the boundaries of a grave are examined. Generally funeral rites can be categorized into three stages, ‘Bin-ryeong rites’ held right after a person’s death until main funeral, ‘Jang-song rites’ held from the grave, ‘Myo-jeon rites(ceremony held in front of tombs)’ after the burial and ‘Chu-seon rites’ which can be added as an option. Myo-sang architecture of the stone-filed tomb may have functioned as a symbolic meaning of a king’s bedchamber or at least as a place which holds a ceremony or an ancestral rite. Stone-filed tombs with myo-sang architectures are mainly those built in huge sizes. Namely the owner of a tomb with a bedchamber may be a king, a person from a royal family or a noble class. Currently the remains of an altar are in an ambiguous state. However it can be considered as a temporarily built ceremonial facility related to myo-jeon rites. Likewise the case of ‘bae-chong’ also has some controversy but there is no doubt that it is a notable facility concerning after-death religion and ancestral rites. Documentary records of Goguryeo stone-filed tomb confirm that arbores found inside the boundaries of a grave are related to tree-cult religion and can be considered as a component of hu-jang. Su-myo custom which can be confirmed through documentary records is not directly related to ‘Shee-myo sa-ri’(offsprings taking care of their parents grave by living next to it for few years.). However it can be thought as a kind of ‘Chu-seon rites’ in the aspect of protecting and managing royal tomb. Grave goods found in Goguryeo stone-filed tombs are an important outcome concerning ancestral rites. Especially a large amount of roof tiles, inscriptive end pieces of roof tiles, bells, bricks reflect ancestral rites and after-death related religions. Intentional demolition of grave goods also took place in Goguryeo. Mural painting which gained attention as a funeral art of ‘Seoksil Bongtoe-bun(kind of tomb that is portioned with a stone and the rest part is piled-up by soil)’ is found in six wall-painted tombs of stone-filed ones. Therefore it should not be neglected. Wall paintings of stone-filed tombs are mostly those showing living customs which can be connected to ‘Gae-sae idea’(thought of desiring wealth and prosperity of a lifetime may prolong after death). Hence Goguryeo people’s religion and ancestral rites are confirmable through myo-sang architecture, altar, bae-chong, excavated relic, mural painting and documentary record. Since stone-filed tombs were constructed with a focus on their external form, ancestral rites were mainly expressed to the outer part. Big-sized stone-filed tombs with myo-sang architecture, altar, bae-chong, sumyo-in(Person who guards a tomb) are generally huge-sized ones that belong to the royal family.