新羅 中代 成典寺院과 密敎 -중대 國家儀禮의 視覺化와 관련하여-

Abstract

Sacheonwangsa temple(四天王寺) was established by Esoteric Buddhist monk Myeongnang (明朗) to repel Tang's attack. The style of Esoteric Buddhism Myeongnang and Hetong(惠通) brought was more public, sensory Esoteric Buddhist style in order to feel with the five senses by directly showing the figures of the heavenly king, spiritual king, and dragon king and so on. Yangji(良志) realistically embodied the subordinate of the heavenly king and Yaksa and led to confirm stronger power of the four heavenly kings by revealing the figures in front of Silla people. Meanwhile, it is important for Yaksa to be decorated not at the beneath of the feet of the four heavenly kings but at the stereobate of the pagoda. At the wall of the stereobate of the pagoda of Sacheonwangsa, there is another intention of Yangji to make an issue of the important power. King Munmu recovered his power against Tang through Buddhist ritual of Sacheonwangsa, and the realistic images decorated with Esoteric Buddhist style were the symbols Silla people saw and felt it. The burial site of Queen Seondeok located at Nangsan(狼山) beyond Sacheonwangsa symbolizes Trāyastriṃśa(忉利天), so Sacheonwangsa was regarded as the entrance of Buddhist land Silla climbing to Trāyastriṃśa at the top of Sumisan mountain. Sacheonwangsa is eventually not the simple space at the south end of the capital but the entrance of Buddhist land Silla in Esoteric Buddhist ritual. It is the boundary spot of Buddhist land under heavy guard of the gods of five directions and the four heavenly kings. And then the new Seongjeonsawon system begun with the building of Bongseongsa temple(奉聖寺) during the reign of King Sinmun, led by Esoteric Buddhist monk Hetong, was more visually typical of Buddhist land Silla kept by the four heavenly kings and expanded Seongjeonsawan to the four directions of the capital. Seongjeonsawon at the four directions was the contact point connecting the capital and provinces, the entrance local people come in the capital, and the starting point the capital spreads out into the four directions. At this point, it compressively symbolizes the whole land of Silla. Keeping the submissive relationship with Tang basically, the royal authority of the middle Silla was full of confidence since the victory in the battle with Tang. The national ritual of Silla's own based on Seongjeonsawon was created in the will of the royal authority of the middle Silla praying for 'the protection of nation and permanence of the royal family'. The royal family became the center under the heaven and visually displayed their absoluteness through such ritual.