近世 日本의 『東醫寶鑑』 魚類知識 硏究(Ⅱ) ― 1718~1747년 朝鮮藥材調査를 중심으로 ―

Abstract

This paper is the second in a series of studies on ichthyological knowledge of Dong-Ui-Bo-Gam(『東醫寶鑑』) in early modern Japan, especially focusing ichthyological knowledge of Survey of Joseon’s Medical Ingredient(朝鮮藥材調査), conducted on three separate occasions for 30 years(1718-1747) by the Japanese settlement in Joseon(倭館, Wae-Gwan). The survey of Joeson’s medical ingredient started because Yoshimune(吉宗), the 8th Shogun of Japan, had a penchant for Dong-Ui-Bo-Gam. He would like to identify the plants and animals from Tangaek-pyen(「湯液篇」) in Dong-Ui-Bo-Gam. In other words, These three times of survey of Joseon’s medical ingredient from 1718 by the Wae-Gwan is a big project of Japan in early modern to figure out products all over the Joseon. The part of fishes shows that it was not easy to identify precisely them in a practical survey. This problem comes from the entangled intellectual tradition among three countries in East Asia, including in China as well as in Joseon and Japan. These examples are as follow: Snakehead(蠡魚), Mandarin Fish(鱖魚), Bullhead(黃顙魚), Chum Salmon(鰱魚) and Cherry Salmon(松魚). It was much difficult to identify particularly Ricefield Swamp Eel(鱔魚), because Koreans misinformed about it. It should be mentioned that Dong-Ui-Bo-Gam has an influence on the progress of Natural History in Japan. Emphasizing the impact of Bencao-gangmu(『本草綱目』), Japanese scholars mentioned rarely about Dong-Ui-Bo-Gam, which however had a profound impact on medical ingredient localization policy by Yoshimune. The Survey of the Medical ingredient in Joseon brought on by Dong-Ui-Bo-Gam was expanded to survey all over Japan, China, and Holland. This work, therefore, served as a momentum to advance Japanese Regional Production Studies and Natural History. Above all, the most remarkable part of the survey of Joseon’s medical ingredient by Japan is that Japanese tried to verify not through the ‘text’ but through the ‘real thing’ and the ‘drawing’, which shows that method of research was converted from auricular one to visual one. In other words, this survey conducted to identify medical ingredients in Dong-Ui-Bo-Gam has changed the research method of Japanese medicinal herbal knowledge. In the progress of Japanese Natural History, earlier study about Bencao-gangmu has been done in the ‘auricular-based’ traditional method, while study about Dong-Ui-Bo-Gam in the earlier 18th century shows the conversion to the ‘visual’ method in earnest. This change for thirty years is a very important point in the rapid development of Japanese Natural History from the later 18th century.