明 嘉靖 中期 宣府鎭･大同鎭의 城堡와 邊墻 건설
Contruction of bastions(城堡) and the demarcation wall(邊墻) on Xianfu(宣府) and Datong(大同) fortresses in the mid Jiajing(嘉靖) era of Ming(明)
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In early Jiajing era when Altan Khan of eastern mongolian was leading whole mongolian groups, the most important fortresses of Ming’s northern frontier were Jiezhou(薊州), Xianfu and Datong which enclosed the capital zone from north. Jiezhou relatively located in southern area relying on Three Uliangha Guards(兀良哈 三衛). On the contrary, Xianfu and Datong protected the capital zone and Imperial mausoleums of Ming(明皇陵), and played “the northern entrance” of the capital zone(京師) together. Differently from Xianfu which was known as easy defense because of rugged landform, Datong frequently suffered from Mongolian’s raid because of flat landform so that there was no any bastion(城堡) in front of Datong fort(大同鎭城) at the time of Jiajing Emperor’s enthronement. In addition, twice of mutinies broke out due to the slack military discipline. The reinforcement for these important but exhausted fortresses was started by the suggestions of Xu Lun(許論) and Han Bang Qi(韓邦奇) in 1537, newly constructing Leesintun Bao(李信屯堡) on the western Xianfu. In front of Datong fort almost ruined because of Mongolian’s raid and twice of mutinies, 28 bastions were constructed or reconstructed and the demarcation wall was entirely rebuilt until 1548. In Xianfu, the demarcation wall was rebuilt at west, middle and nourth of it, but at eastern zone just 6 bastions were constructed. This reinforcement of Xianfu and Datong seems to became one of main parameters on a choice of Altan Khan’s routes in the Gengxu incursion incident(庚戌之變)(1550). Historical resources about the Gengxu incursion incident including shilu(實錄) said only the bribe of Qiu Luan(仇鸞) caused that Altan khan selected Gubeikou(古北口) in Jiezhou fortress as his incursion’s entrance. However, reading the regulated force strength in Huang ming jiu bian gao(『皇明九邊考』) and a report for the Emperor from Weng Man Da(翁萬達) in Ming Shizong shilu(『明世宗實錄』), Jiezhou was most negligent in northern defensive posture before the Gengxu incursion incident. Besides, Ming Court(明朝) did not slapdash defenses against Altan Khan’s raid like reinforcing Xianfu and Datong. After the Gengxu incursion incident, installations and organizations of JIezhou was strengthened in a large way.
Abstract
In early Jiajing era when Altan Khan of eastern mongolian was leading whole mongolian groups, the most important fortresses of Ming’s northern frontier were Jiezhou(薊州), Xianfu and Datong which enclosed the capital zone from north. Jiezhou relatively located in southern area relying on Three Uliangha Guards(兀良哈 三衛). On the contrary, Xianfu and Datong protected the capital zone and Imperial mausoleums of Ming(明皇陵), and played “the northern entrance” of the capital zone(京師) together. Differently from Xianfu which was known as easy defense because of rugged landform, Datong frequently suffered from Mongolian’s raid because of flat landform so that there was no any bastion(城堡) in front of Datong fort(大同鎭城) at the time of Jiajing Emperor’s enthronement. In addition, twice of mutinies broke out due to the slack military discipline. The reinforcement for these important but exhausted fortresses was started by the suggestions of Xu Lun(許論) and Han Bang Qi(韓邦奇) in 1537, newly constructing Leesintun Bao(李信屯堡) on the western Xianfu. In front of Datong fort almost ruined because of Mongolian’s raid and twice of mutinies, 28 bastions were constructed or reconstructed and the demarcation wall was entirely rebuilt until 1548. In Xianfu, the demarcation wall was rebuilt at west, middle and nourth of it, but at eastern zone just 6 bastions were constructed. This reinforcement of Xianfu and Datong seems to became one of main parameters on a choice of Altan Khan’s routes in the Gengxu incursion incident(庚戌之變)(1550). Historical resources about the Gengxu incursion incident including shilu(實錄) said only the bribe of Qiu Luan(仇鸞) caused that Altan khan selected Gubeikou(古北口) in Jiezhou fortress as his incursion’s entrance. However, reading the regulated force strength in Huang ming jiu bian gao(『皇明九邊考』) and a report for the Emperor from Weng Man Da(翁萬達) in Ming Shizong shilu(『明世宗實錄』), Jiezhou was most negligent in northern defensive posture before the Gengxu incursion incident. Besides, Ming Court(明朝) did not slapdash defenses against Altan Khan’s raid like reinforcing Xianfu and Datong. After the Gengxu incursion incident, installations and organizations of JIezhou was strengthened in a large way.
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