Lexical parallels in calendars and less obvious traces of Chinese influence on ancient Xinjiang languages
0
조회
0
다운로드
0
인용
0
참고문헌
키워드
초록
Altaic linguistics is seldom used as a precious research tool in the study of other language families, but in some cases it can help in this matter. Speakers of ancient Indo-European languages in Xinjiang, like Tocharian A and B, were under influence of Chinese and nomadic states since early history, when small oasis kingdoms had to maintain active and also linguistic contacts with both empires. This paper is mainly focused on cultural words, mythological animals and calendar systems. Firstly the history of international relations is briefly mentioned, because it has implications for the study of borrowings. In the following part lexical parallels of Chinese, Sanskrit, Sogdian, Khotan Saka, Tocharian, Uyghur and Mongolian twelve zodiac animals are mentioned together with older counting of months in nomadic cold areas. Remaining note and case study show, that typological criterion from Altaic linguistics can be analogically applied to Tocharian in an attempt to solve etymology of functionally parallel cultural word further documenting possible Chinese influence on Tocharian.
Abstract
Altaic linguistics is seldom used as a precious research tool in the study of other language families, but in some cases it can help in this matter. Speakers of ancient Indo-European languages in Xinjiang, like Tocharian A and B, were under influence of Chinese and nomadic states since early history, when small oasis kingdoms had to maintain active and also linguistic contacts with both empires. This paper is mainly focused on cultural words, mythological animals and calendar systems. Firstly the history of international relations is briefly mentioned, because it has implications for the study of borrowings. In the following part lexical parallels of Chinese, Sanskrit, Sogdian, Khotan Saka, Tocharian, Uyghur and Mongolian twelve zodiac animals are mentioned together with older counting of months in nomadic cold areas. Remaining note and case study show, that typological criterion from Altaic linguistics can be analogically applied to Tocharian in an attempt to solve etymology of functionally parallel cultural word further documenting possible Chinese influence on Tocharian.
참고문헌 (41)
- Adams, Douglas Q., "A dictionary of Tocharian B" (1999), Rodopi
- Adams, Douglas Q., "A dictionary of Tocharian B. Revised and greatly enlarged" (2013), Rodopi
- Andersson, J. G., "Archaeological research in Kansu" (2011), Wenwu chubanshe
- Baabar, "History of Mongolia" (2006), Nepko Publishing
- Bailey, Harold, "he culture of the Sakas in ancient Iranian Khotan" (1982), Caravan Books
- Barat, Kahar, "A Turkic-Chinese transcription system. In Giovanni Stary(ed", Proceedings of the 38th Permanent International Altaistic Conference (PIAC), pp.5~83 (1995), Harrassowitz
- Bawden, Charles, "Mongolian-English dictionary" (1997), Kegan Paul International
- Berounský, Daniel, "Archaic Tibetan literature (7th-10th centuries)" (2013), Masarykova univerzita
- Blažek, Václav, "Tocharians. Who they were, where they come from and where they lived", Lingua posnaniensis, 50, pp.47~74 (2008), Wydawnictwo Poznańskiego towarzystwa przyjaciół nauk
- Blažek, Václav, "Cultural relations as reflected in language" (2017), Innsbrucker Beiträge zur Kulturwissenschaft
- oodberg, Peter A., "Two notes on the history of the Chinese frontier", Harvard journal of Asiatic studies, 1(3, pp.4) (1936), 283~307[DOI]
- Chang, Chun-shu, "The rise of the Chinese Empire. Volume one: Nation, state, & imperialism in early China, ca. 1600 B.C.-A.D. 8" (2007), The University of Michigan Press
- Clauson, Gerard, "An etymological dictionary of pre-thirteenth century Turkish" (1972), Clarendon Press
- Corff, Oliver, "Are Altaic studies a political science? A reflection on Weber’s “science as a vocation” from the perspective of Altaic Studies", Türk dilleri araştırmaları, 28(1), pp.59~67 (2018), Türk Dilleri Araştırmaları Dergisi
- Ding, Xiaolun, "Niya site" (2003), Xinjiang meishu chubanshe
- Ding, Xiaolun, "Ancient Loulan city" (2003), Xinjiang meishu chubanshe
- Dulam, "Concise dictionary of cultural expressions" (2015), NUM Press Publishing
- Dybo, A. V., "Problems of Altaic philology, Festschrift of E. P. Tenishev, No. III", pp.69~82 (2008), Tezaurus
- Dzharylgasinova, R. Sh, "Calendar habits and ceremonies of East Asian nations. The cycle of the year" (1989), Nauka
- Gabain, Annemarie von, "Old Turkic grammar" (1950), Otto Harrassowitz
- Golden, Peter, "The twelve-year animal cycle calendar in Georgian sources", Acta orientalia academiae scientiarum Hungaricae, 36(1-3), pp.197~206 (1982), Akadémiai Kiadó
- Ji, Xianlin, "Fragments of the Tocharian A Maitreyasamiti-Nāṭaka of the Xinjiang museum" (1998), Mouton de Gruyter
- Kara, György, "Zhiyuan yiyu. An alphabethical index of Mongolian words", Acta orientalia academiae scientiarum Hungaricae, 44(3), pp.279~344 (1990), Akadémiai Kiadó
- Kara, György, "De Dunhuang à Istanbul: Hommage à James Russel Hamilton", pp.73~119 (2001), Brepols
- Kara, György, "A middle Mongol version of the Tibetan Sa skya Legs bshad. Mongol – English – Tibetan" (2009), Brill
- Lessing, Ferdinand D., "Mongolian-English dictionary" (1960), University of California Press
- Li, Yanyun, "History and archaeological findings of Dunhuang" (2005), Neimenggu renmin chubanshe
- Lung, Rachel, "Interpreters in early imperial China" (2011), John Benjamins Publishing Company
- Peiros, Ilia, "A comparative vocabulary of five Sino-Tibetan languages. Fascicle III. Laterals" (1996), The University of Melbourne
- Pinault, G. J., "The bronze age and early iron age peoples of Eastern Central Asia 1", pp.358~371 (1998), Institute for the Study of Man
- Poppe, Nicholas, "Introduction to Mongolian comparative studies" (1955), Suomalais-ugrilainen seura
- Poucha, Pavel, "Foundations of Tocharian language. Part I. Thesaurus of Tocharian language – Dialect A" (1955), Státní pedagogické nakladatelství
- Pulleyblank, Edwin G., "Lexicon of reconstructed pronunciation in early middle Chinese, late middle Chinese, and early Mandarin" (1991), UBC Press
- Räsänen, Martti, "An attempt of etymological dictionary of Turkic languages" (1969), Suomalais-Ugrilainen Seura
- Srba, Ondřej, "History of Mongolia" (2015), Nakladatelství Lidové noviny
- Street, John H., "Nominal plural formations in the Secret history", Acta orientalia academiae scientiarum Hungaricae, 44(3), pp.345~379 (1990), Akadémiai Kiadó
- Su, Beihai, "Petroglyphs of Xinjiang" (1994), Xinjiang meishu sheying chubanshe
- Thongchai, Winichakul, "Siam mapped. A history of the geo-body of a nation" (1994), University of Hawai’I Press
- Tian, Weijiang, "Xinjiang in the time of the Song, Liao, and Jin dynasties" (2009), Xinjiang meishu sheying chubanshe
- Yusup, Israpil, "Studies in Turkic Philology. Festschrift in honour of the 80th birthday of Professor Geng Shimin", pp.191~205 (2009), Zhongyang minzu daxue chubanshe
- Zhang, Peng, "Amphibia-reptilia of Xinjiang" (2005), Xinjiang kexue yishu chubanshe
