전기 비트겐슈타인의 철학에 나타난 바이닝거적 세계관의 극복－자살에 관한 윤리적 성찰을 중심으로－
Overcoming a Weiningerian Weltanschauung presented in Wittgenstein’s Early Philosophy －Focusing on the Ethical Reflection on Suicide－
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비트겐슈타인은 윤리적인 것(das Ethische)이 우리의 행위를 강제할 수 있다고 보았는가? 아마 대부분의 독자는 이 질문에 부정적으로 대답할 것이다. 실제로, 『논고』에 따르면 우리의 특정한 행위를 필연적으로 강제하는 명제는 존재하지 않는다. 요컨대 “윤리학의 명제들도 존재할 수 없다. 명제들은 보다 높은 것을 표현할 수 없다.” 그는 다만 무의미한 윤리적 명제에 의해 언표될 수 없는 것, 즉 ‘보다 높은 것’이 실제로 존재하며 드러난다고 주장하였을 뿐이다. 그러나 당혹스럽게도 비트겐슈타인은 『논고』의 토대가 된 『일기』에서 일견 윤리적인 것과 깊은 연관을 맺고 있는 것처럼 보이는 하나의 규범적 행위를 고민한다. 즉, 비트겐슈타인에 따르면, 자살은 원초적 죄악이며 이에 관한 탐구는 윤리의 본질을 조명한다는 것이다. 그렇다면, 자살에 관한 그의 견해는 윤리적 명제의 성립 가능성을 부정하는 『논고』의 윤리관과 양립 가능한가? 자살이라는 행위가 윤리적인 것과 관계 맺고 있는 특별한 위상은 무엇인가? 우리는 이 글에서 비트겐슈타인에게 깊은 영향을 주었던 빈의 사상가 바이닝거의 철학을 배경으로 바로 이러한 물음들에 대답하고자 한다.
Abstract
Did Wittgenstein believe that ethics, as a solution to the problem of what I should do to live meaningfully, could be normative? Probably most readers will answer it as a ‘no’. Indeed, according to the Tractatus, there are no statements that force us to do something necessarily. In short, “it is impossible for there to be propositions of ethics. Propositions can express nothing that is higher”. What he added, is simply that ‘what is higher’ is extant and shows itself, even though it cannot be expressed by alleged propositions of ethics. Hence, when we rigorously distinguish ethics from ethical pseudo-propositions such as categorical imperatives, at first glance, both have nothing to do with normative acts, because the former cannot be put into words, and the latter would be mere nonsense. Surprisingly, however, Wittgenstein clearly considered an act that is associated with ethics in the Notebooks, that is, the problem of suicide. According to Wittgenstein, suicide is the elementary sin, and the investigation of it could shed light on the nature of ethics. Then, of all things, why is suicide a matter of great importance to him? How can his statements about suicide be compatible with Tractarian views on ethics, which deny the possibility of normative ethics? In the present paper, I will endeavor to answer these very questions by examining the historical contexts of fin-de-siècle Vienna, especially Weininger’s Weltanschauung and the repercussions of his suicide.
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