보편적 학습설계(UDL)를 반영한 디지털 교과서 설계 원리
Digital Textbook Design Principles Adapting the Universal Design for Learning
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초록
교과부는 2007년 ‘디지털교과서 상용화 추진 방안’을 통해 향후 2011년 까지 25개 교과, 100개 시범학교를 운영하고, 2013년에는 모든 초․중고교에서 상용화하고자 계획하고 있다. 디지털교과서는 멀티미디어 테크놀로지를 활용한다는 면에서 교육용 컨텐츠와 비슷한 특징을 갖지만, 교실에서 활용되는 교과서라는 점에서 다른 표준화된 기능이 요구된다. 따라서 디지털교과서의 기능과 특성, 개발 방법에 대한 보다 이론적인 연구가 이루어질 필요가 있다. 아직까지는 국내외적으로 디지털교과서 개발사업이 시작단계에 있기 때문에 디지털교과서 개발을 위한 이론이나 모형이 부족한 실정이지만 현재 디지털 교과서 개발 방법론으로 주목을 받고 있는 이론으로 보편적 학습설계(Universal design for learning:UDL) 이론이 있다. 보편적 학습설계는 원래 특수교육을 위해 개발된 원리로 신체적, 인지적 장애를 가진 학생들이 일반 교육과정을 학습하는데 있어서 겪는 어려움을 극복하도록 도움을 주기 위한 방법론으로 도입되었지만 장애인뿐만 아니라 전통적인 학교 환경에서 어려움을 겪는 모든 학생들도 혜택을 받을 수 있는 이론으로 주목을 받고 있다. 이에 본 연구에서는 보편적 학습설계(UDL)의 개념 및 이론적 배경을 살펴보고, 디지털교과서 개발을 위한 설계원리들을 검토하였다. 한편, 보편적 학습설계 원리는 특수교육분야에서 시작되었기 때문에 교수학습적인 측면에서의 이론적 기반이 부족하고, 장애아가 아닌 일반 학생들을 위한 일반적인 설계전략을 제시하는 데에도 한계가 있다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 현재 교육공학 분야에서 교수/학습자료의 설계 및 개발에 활용되고 있는 선행 연구들을 검토하고, 그 원리들을 보편적 학습설계 원리와 접목하여 보다 체계적이고, 일반적인 디지털 교과서 설계 전략을 제안하고자 하였다.
Abstract
Korean Ministry of Education, Science and Technology has launched 'the project of development and implementation of digital textbooks' in 2007. The digital textbooks for 25 subjects will be developed and implemented in 100 schools by 2011. By 2013, the project plans to disseminate the digital textbooks nationwide through all of the elementary and secondary education schools. It is the common perception that digital textbook and multimedia educational contents have similar characteristics because both of them use multimedia technology as a main instructional resource. However, the digital textbook needs different design principles than those of the multimedia educational contents because it is used in real and various classroom contexts. Therefore, further cognitive and learning research is necessary to investigate systematic, principled ways of the development of digital textbook (e.g., features, cognitive support, interface). At present, since the digital textbook is a fairly new educational field in both domestic and foreign, there are few research or models for the design and development of the digital textbook. Recently, Universial Design for Learning (UDL) gains great attention for one of the promising approaches for the development of the digital textbook. Originally, UDL was developed for helping handicapped students (physically and mentally) in the special education to have them overcome the obstacles for learning standard curriculum that designed for typical students in schools. UDL has been applied to support learning not only for handicapped students but also for those who have difficulties in the traditional school environments. In this paper, we discussed the conceptual framework and theoretical background of UDL, and the design principles of UDL for digital textbook. In the meantime, since UDL was originated from the special education field, its design strategies have limitations for us to develop educational materials for students in regular curriculum schools. Therefore, we reviewed the existing theories and researches related to the instructional design, and adapted them to UDL for proposing systematic, principled guidelines for digital textbook design. We also presented an example to illustrate how these guidelines can enhance an existing digital textbook.
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