본문 바로가기
KERD
논문KCI 등재

온라인 수업에서 인출연습유형과 인출간격이 학습잡념과 메타인지 판단 및 학업성취에 미치는 영향

Effects of Retrieval Practice Type and Retention Interval on Mind Wandering, Metacognitive Judgments, and Academic Achievement for Online Classes

0

조회

0

다운로드

2

인용

0

참고문헌

키워드

주제분류교육학

초록

이 연구의 목적은 온라인 수업 환경에서 인출연습형태와 인출간격이 학습잡념, 메타인지적 판단, 학업성취에 어떠한 차별적인 영향을 주는지 탐색하고, 지연 기억에 대한 인출연습유형과 인출간격 간의 상호작용 효과를 검증하는 것이다. 실험참가자는 배정된 인출연습유형(재학습, 사후인출, 사전인출)에 따라 온라인 콘텐츠를 학습하고 조건별 학습활동을 수행했다. 학습활동 중간에 학습잡념이 발생했는지 응답했고 메타인지적 판단을 측정하기 위해 학습자는 마지막 자료 학습 완료 후 이전 학습 내용에 대한 시험을 볼 경우 정답률을 예측하도록 했다. 학업성취도를 평가하기 위해 실험참가자들은 인출간격 조건에 따라 5분 또는 7일 후 최종시험을 쳤다. 연구결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 인출연습 집단은 재학습집단에 비해 상대적으로 낮은 학습잡념 수치를 보고하여 학습내용과 관련한 생각을 하는 것으로 나타났다. 이는 학습과정에서 인출연습 경험은 반복학습에 비해 학습과 유관한 생각을 하도록 유도하여 향후 장기기억과 파지를 더욱 향상시킬 가능성이 크다는 것을 시사한다. 둘째, 재학습 집단과는 달리 사전인출연습, 사후인출연습 집단은 인출간격이 길어질 경우 최종시험의 정답률을 예측한 메타인지적 판단 수치가 낮아지는 경향을 보였다. 이러한 결과는 학습과정에서 인출연습 경험은 성공적인 학습을 위한 중요 요인이며, 향후 기억력 및 메타인지적 판단에 중요한 역할을 한다는 것을 의미한다. 셋째, 인출연습유형은 인출간격과 상호작용하여, 학업수행에 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 이러한 연구결과를 바탕으로 연구의 시사점을 제시했다.

Abstract

The purpose of this study is to identify differences in mind wandering, metacognitive judgments, and academic achievement according to the types of retrieval practices and retention intervals for online classes and to explore a significant interaction effect between retrieval practice type and retention interval. Participants studied online contents according to the assigned retrieval practice type and performed learning activities by conditioning. While learning according to the retrieval practice, subjects reported whether mind wandering occurred at each end of the learning phase and for metacognitive judgments after completing the last learning material. To assess the achievement, the experiment participants took the final test after 5 minutes or 7 days depending on the condition of the retention interval. The research results were as follows: first, the retrieval practice groups reported a relatively low level of mind wandering during learning compared to the group that conducted the restudy, indicating that they were thinking about the learning contents. Second, the pre- and post-retrieval practice groups showed a tendency to decrease the value of metacognitive judgments that predicted the percentage of correct answers in the final exam when the retention interval was longer, unlike the restudy group. Third, there exists an interaction between the type of retrieval practices and the retention intervals, and this affects academic achievement. Based on these findings, the implications of this study were discussed.

참고문헌 (67)

  1. 강이철, "교수학습전략으로서 연습시험과 분산연습의 통합적 활용방안", 사고개발, 12(2), pp.23~46 (2016), 대한사고개발학회
  2. 강이철, "시험치기 학습전략의 이론적 근거와 활용 실태", 사고개발, 13(4), pp.41~66 (2017), 대한사고개발학회
  3. 김동일, "메타인지전략의 효과에 관한 메타분석: 집단설계연구와 단일사례연구의 비교", 아시아교육연구, 17(3), pp.21~48 (2016), 교육연구소
  4. 배진희, "메타인지 정확성의 발달 차이 연구: 고등학생과 대학생 데이터", 인지과학, 26(1), pp.53~67 (2015), 한국인지과학회[DOI]
  5. 석보영, "학습판단에 반영된 역량의 착각 현상 분석", 사고개발, 15(2), pp.27~48 (2019), 대한사고개발학회[DOI]
  6. 성한올, "온라인 학습 상황에서 행동 로그, 생리심리반응 및 시험불안을 통한 멀티모달(Multimodal) 학업성취 예측모형 개발", 교육공학연구, 34(2), pp.287~308 (2018), 한국교육공학회[DOI]
  7. 신종호, "메타인지의 영역 일반성과 영역 특수성 비교", 교육심리연구, 21(1), pp.89~104 (2007), 한국교육심리학회
  8. 연은모, "사전인출과 사후인출을 접목한 학습 방법이 지연 기억에 미치는 영향", 학습자중심교과교육연구, 17(17), pp.815~836 (2017), 학습자중심교과교육학회[DOI]
  9. 이민희, "뇌 파동과 사건관련전위를 이용한 허위기억손상의 탐지", 대한인간공학회지, 37(2), pp.205~217 (2018), 대한인간공학회[DOI]
  10. 이희승, "학습을 위한 시험: 시험의 전방효과와 후방효과", 교육심리연구, 31(4), pp.819~845 (2017), 한국교육심리학회[DOI]
  11. Abott, E. E., "On the analysis of the factor of recall in the learning process", The Psychological Review : Monograph Supplements, 11(1), pp.159~177 (1909)
  12. Adesope, O. O., "Rethinking the use of tests : A meta-analysis of practice testing", Review of Educational Research, 87(3), pp.659~701 (2017)
  13. Alter, A. L., "Uniting the tribes of fluency to form a metacognitive nation", Personality and social psychology review, 13(3), pp.219~235 (2009)
  14. Antrobus, J. S., "Information theory and stimulus independent thought", British Journal of Psychology, 59, pp.423~430 (1968)
  15. Butler, A. C., "Repeated testing produces superior transfer of learning relative to repeated studying", Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 36(5), pp.1118~1133 (2010)
  16. Butler, A. C., "The effect of type and timing of feedback on learning from multiple-choice tests", Journal of Experimental Psychology : Applied, 13(4), pp.273~281 (2007)
  17. Butler, A. C., "Testing improves long-term retention in a simulated classroom setting", European Journal of Cognitive Psychology, 19(4-5), pp.514~527 (2007)
  18. Carpenter, S. K., "The effect of prequestions on learning from video presentations", Journal of Applied Research in Memory and Cognition, 6(1), pp.104~109 (2017)
  19. Chan, J. C., "Retrieval potentiates new learning : A theoretical and meta-analytic review", Psychological Bulletin, 144(11), pp.1111~1146 (2018)
  20. Cohen, J., "Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences" (1988), Lawrence Erlbaum Associates
  21. de Lima, N. K., "The effects of prequestions versus postquestions on memory retention in children", Journal of Applied Research in Memory and Cognition, 9(4), pp.555~563 (2020)
  22. Eichenbaum, H., "The role of the hippocampus in navigation is memory", Journal of Neurophysiology, 117(4), pp.1785~1796 (2017)
  23. Faber, M., "An automated behavioral measure of mind wandering during computerized reading", Behavior Research Methods, 50(1), pp.134~150 (2018)
  24. Gates, A. I., "Recitation as a factor in memorizing", Archives of Psychology, 6(40), pp.1~104 (1917)
  25. Grimaldi, P. J., "When and why do retrieval attempts enhance subsequent encoding?", Memory & Cognition, 40(4), pp.505~513 (2012)
  26. Jing, H. G., "Interpolated testing influences focused attention and improves integration of information during a video-recorded lecture", Journal of Experimental Psychology : Applied, 22(3), pp.305~318 (2016)
  27. Kane, M. J., "A combined experimental and individual-differences investigation into mind wandering during a video lecture", Journal of Experimental Psychology : General, 146(11), pp.1649~1674 (2017)
  28. Karpicke, J. D., "Cognitive psychology of memory, Vol. 2 of Learning and memory: A comprehensive reference", pp.1~26 (2017), Elsevier
  29. Karpicke, J. D., "Retrieval practice produces more learning than elaborative studying with concept mapping", Science, 331(6018), pp.772~775 (2011)
  30. Karpicke, J. D., "Metacognitive strategies in student learning : Do students practise retrieval when they study on their own", Memory, 17(4), pp.471~479 (2009)
  31. Koriat, A., "Illusions of competence in monitoring one’s knowledge during study", Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 31(2), pp.187~194 (2005)
  32. Kornell, N., "Attempting to answer a meaningful question enhances subsequent learning even when feedback is delayed", Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 40(1), pp.106~114 (2014)
  33. Kornell, N., "Unsuccessful retrieval attempts enhance subsequent learning", Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 35(4), pp.989~998 (2009)
  34. Kornell, N., "Learners’ choices and beliefs about self-testing", Memory, 17(5), pp.493~501 (2009)
  35. Lang, J. M., "Distracted : Why students can’t focus and what you can do about it" (2020), Basic books
  36. Latimier, A., "Does pre-testing promote better retention than post-testing?", NPJ Science of Learning, 4(1), pp.1~7 (2019)
  37. Lee, H. S., "Metacognitive judgments of prior material facilitate the learning of new material : The forward effect of metacognitive judgments in inductive learning", Journal of Educational Psychology, 111(7), pp.1189~1201 (2019)
  38. Lehman, M., "Toward an episodic context account of retrieval-based learning: Dissociating retrieval practice and elaboration", Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 40(6), pp.1787~1794 (2014)
  39. Marcus, S. L., "Conditional reasoning", Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 18(2), pp.199~223 (1979)
  40. McDaniel, M. A., "Test-enhanced learning in a middle school science classroom : The effects of quiz frequency and placement", Journal of Educational Psychology, 103(2), pp.399~414 (2011)
  41. Metcalfe, J., "Evidence that judgments of learning are causally related to study choice", Psychonomic Bulletin and Review, 15(1), pp.174~179 (2008)
  42. Morehead, K., "Instructor and student knowledge of study strategies", Memory, 24(2), pp.257~271 (2016)
  43. Nelson, T. O., "Utilization of metacognitive judgments in the allocation of study during multitrial learning", Psychological Science, 5(4), pp.207~213 (1994)
  44. Nelson, T. O., "Metamemory : A theoretical framework and new findings", The Psychology of Learning and Motivation, 26, pp.125~141 (1990)
  45. Pan, S. C., "Transfer of test-enhanced learning : Meta-analytic review and synthesis", Psychological Bulletin, 144(7), pp.710~756 (2018)
  46. Pan, S. C., "Pretesting versus posttesting : Comparing the pedagogical benefits of errorful generation and retrieval practice", Journal of Experimental Psychology : Applied, 27(2), pp.237~257 (2021)
  47. Putnam, A. L., "The Stevens’ handbook of experimental psychology and cognitive neuroscience", pp.169~214 (2018), Wiley
  48. Pyc, M. A., "Why testing improves memory : Mediator effectiveness hypothesis", Science, 330(6002), pp.335~335 (2010)
  49. Richland, L. E., "The pretesting effect : Do unsuccessful retrieval attempts enhance learning", Journal of Experimental Psychology : Applied, 15(3), pp.243~257 (2009)
  50. Risko, E. F., "Everyday attention : Variation in mind wandering and memory in a lecture", Applied Cognitive Psychology, 26(2), pp.234~242 (2012)
  51. Roediger III, H. L., "Test-enhanced learning : Taking memory tests improves long-term retention", Psychological Science, 17(3), pp.249~255 (2006)
  52. Roediger III, H. L., "The power of testing memory : Basic research and implications for educational practice", Perspectives on Psychological Science, 1(3), pp.181~210 (2006)
  53. Rothkopf, E. Z., "Selective facilitative effects of interspersed questions on learning from written materials", Journal of Educational Psychology, 58(1), pp.56~61 (1967)
  54. Rowland, C. A., "The effect of testing versus restudy on retention : A meta-analytic review of the testing effect", Psychological Bulletin, 140(6), pp.1432~1463 (2014)
  55. Smallwood, J., "Subjective experience and the attentional lapse. Task engagement and disengagement during sustained attention", Consciousness and Cognition, 4, pp.657~690 (2004)
  56. Spitzer, H. F., "Studies in retention", Journal of Educational Psychology, 30(9), pp.641~656 (1939)
  57. Swenson, I., "Adjunct questions and the comprehension of prose by children", Journal of Educational Psychology, 66(2), pp.212~215 (1974)
  58. Szpunar, K. K., "Testing during study insulates against the buildup of proactive interference", Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 34(6), pp.1392~1399 (2008)
  59. Szpunar, K. K., "Mind wandering and education : From the classroom to online learning", Frontiers in Psychology, 4, pp.495~501 (2013)
  60. Thiede, K. W., "Accuracy of metacognitive monitoring affects learning of texts", Journal of Educational Psychology, 95(1), pp.66~73 (2003)
  61. Toppino, T. C., "The testing effect and the retention interval : Questions and answers", Experimental Psychology, 56(4), pp.252~257 (2009)
  62. Wammes, J. D., "Disengagement during lectures: Media multitasking and mind wandering in university classrooms", Computers and Education, 132, pp.76~89 (2019)
  63. Weinstein, Y., "Mind-wandering, how do I measure thee with probes? Let me count the ways", Behavior Research Methods, 50(2), pp.642~661 (2018)
  64. Wheeler, M., "Different rates of forgetting following study versus test trials", Memory, 11(6), pp.571~580 (2003)
  65. Wissman, K. T., "The interim test effect : Testing prior material can facilitate the learning of new material", Psychonomic Bulletin and Review, 18(6), pp.1140~1147 (2011)
  66. Yang, C., "The forward testing effect: Interim testing enhances inductive learning", Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 44(3), pp.485~492 (2018)
  67. Yonelinas, A. P., "Components of episodic memory: the contribution of recollection and familiarity", Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences, 356(1413), pp.1363~1374 (2001)

관련 논문AI추천

이 간행물의 다른 논문 (7건)