데탕트 시대의 “냉각지대”: 북한 외교정책의 이념과 한계(1966~1976)
Resisting Detente: Ideology and Limitations of North Korean Foreign Policy, 1966~1976
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이 연구는 북한 외교가 실패하여 현재의 국제적 고립에 직면하게 된 원인이 외교정책 이념에 있다고 보고 1966년 10월 당대표자회에서 북한이공식 외교노선으로 천명한 자주노선이 국제사회에 어떻게 적용되었는가를 밝혀 북한의 외교적 한계를 추동한 요인을 알아보려 하였다. 구체적으로 환경의 변화에 맞추어 대외정책을 일부 조정하면서도 국내정치적 목적을 우위에 두는 북한의 외교이념을 ‘제2이미지’ 전략으로 규정하고, 1966년 10월 조선로동당 당대표자회에서 자주노선을 선언한 이후부터1976년 8월 남북대화 단절 시기까지 연차적 순서에 따라 크게 세 시기로나누었다. 북한의 자주노선은 김일성 유일체계의 확립을 위해 미국을 위시한 자본주의 국가들에 대항하여 반제투쟁을 전개하는 것으로, 북한은이를 본격적으로 대외관계에 적용하였다. 북한은 대외정책은 국내정치와국제정치의 상호 작용 속에서 ‘안에서 밖으로’의 외연화 전략을 적극 활용하는 것으로, 국제정치의 압력을 완전히 무시하지는 않지만 국내정치요인을 절대적으로 우선함으로써 위계를 구분하였다. 실제로 북한은1970년대 데탕트 흐름에 맞추어 자본주의 국가와 제3세계 국가들과 외교관계망을 확대함으로써 대외정책을 신축적으로 조정하려는 움직임을 보이기도 했다. 그러나 북한의 자주외교의 핵심 전략은 반미반제투쟁의전개에 있었다. 미소·미중 데탕트로 인한 국제적인 긴장완화 분위기에도미국과의 관계 개선은 김일성 유일지배체계의 기반을 흔들 수 있는 것이었기에 북한은 반미반제투쟁의 입장을 철회하지 않았다. 데탕트 이후에도 북한의 대미 강경 기조는 변하지 않았고 미국의 일방적인 정책 전환만을 요구하였던 덕분에 스스로 자주노선의 원칙에 옭아 매여 자본주의 세력과의 관계 개선 가능성을 차단함으로써 고립을 초래하였다. 그리고 현재까지도 북한은 국제사회의 흐름을 충분히 반영하지 않고 체제 유지를위한 대내외 투쟁을 지속함으로써 당면한 경제적·외교적 고립을 벗어나지 못하고 있다.
Abstract
North Korea is commonly known as one of the most isolated states in the world. In line with that, this study aims to seek what factors led to North Korea’s isolation and why its diplomacy failed. North Korea was initially established by a strong support of the Soviet Union, succeeded postwar reconstruction in fraternal assistance, and became a faithful member of the socialist bloc. In 1961, North Korea also formed military alliances with two Great Powers, China and the Soviet Union so as to ensure its safety against American imperialism and other security threats. However, since the declaration of Self-Reliance Doctrine in 1966, North Korea has gradually distanced from the socialist countries and the rest of the world. From 1966 to 1976, Self-Reliance Doctrine had been applied to foreign policies with some flexibility as China and the USSR were attempting to improve their relations with the United States. North Korea showed its willingness to engage with all countries including capitalist states and even Japan and strengthened economic and political ties with Third World in order to internationalize the Korean question. The deteˊnte had provided chances to North Korea to initiate conversation with South Korea for gradual reconciliation. However, Pyongyang never gave up anti-imperialism movement for regime survival against the U.S. and its hope for an American military withdrawal from the South which was considered as the indispensible condition for peaceful and independent unification. Even now, notwithstanding changes in international community, North Korea keeps struggling against the U.S. and South Korea in order to maintain its system and fails to overcome economic and political isolation.
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