朝鮮後期 正祖代의 政局과 市廛政策 -貢市人詢瘼을 중심으로

Abstract

Examined in this article are not only the changes in the political climate (as well as the changes in political factions) that continued during the reigns of King Yeongjo(英祖) and Jeongjo(正祖), but also certain problems that involved the market merchants at the time. Among such problems, especially examined here are the problems that occurred between the Official marketplace of the Capital city(市廛[=京市]) and other local markets(場市[=鄕市]) in the Songpa, Nu'weon and Su'weon areas. Also examined is the question of which entity had the ultimate authority to ban other stores with similar items from being opened, and what was the ordinary range of such authority. And the discussion will also cover the "Tong'gong" orders issued at the time, and also the issue of 'reforming(釐正).'Since the latter half of King Yeongjo's reign, and through the early days of King Jeongjo's reign, there was a discussion to either shut down or leave opened the 'Songpa local market.' The discussion was led by no other than the King and the Crown prince. The Songpa local market survived the debate, and the Crown prince wanted to reduce the monopolistic authority inside the market (which we usually call as the 'Geum-Nan'jeon-gweon' authority that banned other new stores from opening), but then the so-called "Tragedy of the Im'o year(in which Crown prince Sado was killed by his own father Yeongjo)" happened. In 1764(40th year of Yeongjo's reign) and 1768(Yeongjo's 44th year), Tong'gong orders called the 'Gabshin-year Tong'gong' and 'Muja-year Tong'gong' were issued by the Buk'han-dang and Nam'han-dang parties respectively. Later, similar market policies led by Hong Guk-yeong and Seo Myeong-seon continued to be implemented in the early days of King Jeongjo's reign. In the middle period of Jeongjo's reign, the Hong Guk'yeong faction politically fell, and the Nam'dang sect of the Westerners party's "Juniors" faction("So'ron") and the Dong'dang sect of the same party's "Elders" faction("No'ron") came to lead the government. In 1782(6th year of Jeongjo's reign), due to the drafting of civilians for the Gyeong'mo-gung construction, a conflict broke out between the "Yeo'gaek Ju'in" figure of Gyeong'mo-gung(the "Dong'chon Yeo'gaek") and the Nu'weon-jeom store["Dong'buk Yeo'gaek"]. In 1784(8th year of King Jeongjo's reign), in response to the "Coins draught"("Jeon'hwang, 錢荒") phenomenon, the policy of 'Loaning to Gong'in figures and merchants("貢市人散貸策")' was implemented, and in 1785(Jeongjo's 9th year) additional coins were created('鑄錢'). In 1786(Jeongjo's 10th year) the Byeong'o-year Tong'gong order (which was very similar to the Gabshin-year Tong'gong) was issued, and in 1787(Jeongjo's 11th year) the Jeongmi-year Order("Pan'ha") was issued as well. Meanwhile, in 1786 when the 'Byeong'o-year Loss(喪變)’ occurred, the So'ron faction's Dong'dang sect and the meritorious figures in the military were expelled from the government. In the latter half of King Jeongjo's reign, all the parties: No'ron, So'ron and Nam'in(the Southerners) parties created an environment which we now call ‘Sam'sang Bo'hab(三相保合).’ In 1789(13th year of Jeongjo's reign) Hyeon'ryung-weon was created at Su'weon, and in 1790(14th year) a Su'weon marketplace was established too. This led to a conflict between the market place in the Capital and the local markets in Songpa, Nu'weon and Su'weon. In 1791(15th year of Jeongjo's reign) the monopolistic authority of powerful stores (with the exception of the Six Major Stores) were abolished by the Shin'hae-year Tong'gong order. In 1794(18th year of Jeongjo's reign), one "Jubi" was extracted from the Fishery and Blue Textile stores, and instead a Textile store was inserted, by the Gab'in-year Tong'gong order. Through the "Gong/Shi'in Sun'mak" practice, implemented in the latter half of King Yeongjo's reign and continued during King Jeongjo's reign as well, the conflicts between the official Central marketplace and local markets were resolved, and the Tong'gong orders which reduced the power of monopolistic authorities and power continued. Jeongjo wanted all the political factions, the No'ron section and the So'ron section as well as the Nam'in party, to get along under the name of being "politely respectful(‘同寅協恭’)," and he wanted to build a society where the government and the people (not only the city residents[都城民] but local people[鄕民] as well) could communicate directly with each other(as suggested in the Grand Unification[Dae'dong, 大同] theory). And we can see that he also transferred the control over money and the budget to the Hojo office(Ministry of Finance) and the Hanseong Capital city authority.