朝鮮後期 正祖 末～純祖 初의 政局과 通共政策

Abstract

Through the “Shin’hae-year Tong’gong” order, which was issued in 1791(15th year of King Jeongjo’s reign), the Joseon government eliminated the authority of “banning other shops from opening(禁亂廛權)” which had belonged to ordinary markets(except the Six Primary Markets [Yug’eui-jeon] which were the primary providers of items to the government). This order dramatically reduced the number and range of markets which were authorized to implement that banning. After this, similar orders continued to be issued, for example in 1794(18th year of King Jeongjo’s reign: 甲寅通共) and 1801(First year of King Sunjo’s reign: 辛酉通共). Examined in this article are the various Tong’gong orders issued during King Sunjo’s reign in the 19th century, as well orders issued during Kings Yeongjo and Jeongjo’s reign in the 18th century. The “Gabshin-year Tong’gong” order was suggested by Hong Bong-han, who was a senior member of the Noron faction’s Buk’han-dang party during King Yeongjo’s reign. This order instructed the Legal office(Beobsa, 法司) and the ordinary markets to execute the banning authority over the “9 Markets(9廛)” and “8 Markets(8廛)” respectively. In 1768(44th year of King Yeongjo’s reign), the year was bad, and Kim Chi-in and Han Ik-mo, who were part of the Noron faction’s Cheong’myeong-dang party suggested the implementation of the “Mu’ja-year Tong’gong(戊子通共)” order to mitigate the banning authority of markets(once again except Yug’eui-jeon), in order to boost commercial items’ circulation throughout the society. Yet because of the Do’go(都庫) activities of the market merchants, and the Do’go(都賈) practices of the other markets’ merchants(他廛民), this new order was not abided by that much. In fact, these Tong’gong orders were designed by different political factions: Buk’han-dang(北漢黨) and Nam’han-dang(南漢黨), which both grew within the political environment of the latter half period of King Yeongjo’s reign. The “Muja-year Tong’gong” order was rescinded, and the “Gab’in-year Tong’gong” order was reinstated. Later, King Jeongjo issued the “Byeong’o-year Tong’gong” order and the “Jeongmi-year Pan’ha” order in 1786(10th year) and 1787(11th year) respectively, and continued to debate and modify the range and items that should still be protected by the ‘banning authority.’ The “Shin’hae-year Tong’gong(辛亥通共)” order of 1791(15th year of King Jeongjo’s reign) was sponsored by Kim Mun-sun of the No’ron party, Yi Chi-jung of the So’ron party, and Chae Jae-gong of the Southerners party. And the Six Primary markets(Yug’eui-jeon) around this time were China's Silk shop(立廛=縇廛), Cotton textile shop(綿布廛), Silk shop(綿紬廛), Paper shop(紙廛), Ramie shop(紵廛) and a Fishery & Blue textile shop(內魚物廛+靑布廛). The “Gab’in-year Tong’gong(甲寅通共)” order of 1794(18th year of Jeongjo’s reign) was sponsored by Kim Ih-so and Shim Ih’ji from the No’ron faction, Yi Shi-su and Gu Ik from the So’ron faction, and Chae Jae-gong from the Southerners party. And the Six Primary markets were standing shop, cotton shop, silk shop, textile shop, ramie shop, and paper shop(立廛·綿布廛·綿紬廛·布廛·紵廛·紙廛). When a small insurgency broke out by the fishery merchants in 1800(24th year of King Jeongjo’s reign) demanding the reinstatement of the ‘banning authority(禁亂廛權),’ The “Shin’yu-year Tong’gong(辛酉通共)” order was issued in 1801(First year of King Sunjo’s reign). After Sunjo was enthroned, most of King Jeongjo’s trusted officials and some of the elders in the No’ron faction were expelled from the government between 1800 and 1801, when Queen Jeongsun was overseeing the governance of the country. This order was sponsored by Shin Hwan-ji as well as Seo Mae-su and Yi Shi-su, who were all part of the No’ron faction’s Cheong’myeong-dang party during the reigns of Kings Yeongjo and Jeongjo. The Six primary markets were the same with 1794. With the Tong’gong policy that had been maintained since the latter half period of King Yeongjo’s reign, and continued during Jeongjo’s reign through the early days of King Sunjo’s reign, as well as the political climate of this particular period, we can see how the No’ron faction diverged into ‘Shi-pa’ and ‘Byeok-pa’ sections, and how the ‘banning authority’ over textile and fishery shops were once eliminated and reinstated. King Sunjo commenced direct governing of the country in his third year. The “Jeongmyo-year Tong’gong(丁卯通共)” order which was issued in 1807(7th year of Sunjo’s reign) by Yi Shi-su, who was a member of the So’ron faction’s Jun’ron section, will be examined through another paper.