울릉도의 고분을 통해서 본 신라중대의 지방통치

Abstract

In Ulreungdo(울릉도), people have been residing since at least the BronzeAge, and they created an independent marine culture. Meanwhile, meaningfuloutcomes were produced from archeological research, and earthenwarechronicles that ranged from the mid-sixth century to the tenth century wereproposed. Overall, there is a similar type of appearance to that from themiddle and later Silla periods. The perception of Usanguk(于山國) appears from a relatively early period. Usanguk(于山國) is believed to have made exchanges with countries in thenorth of the Korean peninsula such as Goguryeo(高句麗), and this countryappears in Chinese literature from around the third century. In looking intohistoric literature, Usanguk(于山國) formed its political system while enjoying acertain level of culture based on Chinese culture that had been passed down. Then, it was involved in exchanges to the south with Japan. Around this period, Silla conquered Usanguk(于山國) by sending Isabu(異斯夫) during the reign of King Jijeung(智證王) as part of the extension of Silla’snational power around the fifth century. Silla attempted direct control overlocal regions after the conquest, and established administrative villages inwhich the village head stayed and carried out administrative affairs. This wasa means to block resistance from local residents and their anti-Silla emotionsfollowing direct rule. In this way, Silla was able to penetrate that area withtheir ruling power while maintaining the existing social order externally. The stone Buddha, stone pagodas, and steel bells mentioned in literatureshow that Buddhism existed in this area; this affected greatly the lives andfaith of local residents. The existence of a bronze Buddha statue that isestimated to have been manufactured between the eight to ninth centuriesraised such a possibility. Faith offered unity and stability to local residents andsoldiers. Through the construction of Buddhist temples and propagation of166 … 한국학논총 (41)Buddhism, Silla tried to assimilate the residents as people of Silla. Also, the location of such Buddhist temples must have been the rulingcenter of Usanguk(于山國), and this is believed to have been the northwesternHyeonpo(현포) area of current Ulreungdo(울릉도). This is proven by theexcavation of remains such as the pieces of traditional roof tiles because rooftiles were only used for government offices in this ancient society. Hyeonpo(현포) in the northwest, Cheonbu(천부) in the northeast, and Namyang(남양) inthe southwest are estimated to be the main villages with minor villages spreadaround them. Meanwhile, the political situation of the Korean peninsula and trend ofJapan, which had emerged since the unification of the three kingdoms,prompted changes. As Silla expelled soldiers of Tang(唐), the alliance betweenSilla and Tang deteriorated into a war between Silla and Tang; while Japan,which was the de facto power, became a threat to Silla. As the relationshipbetween Tang and Silla became friendly along with the beginning of a warbetween Tang and Balhae(渤海) during the reign of King Seongdeok(聖德王),Balhae formed a friendly relationship with Japan in order to keep them incheck. As a result, Silla could not overlook such a close relationship betweenBalhae and Japan any more. In particular, Japan pursued a plan of conquesttowards Silla during the reign of King Gyeongdeok(경덕왕). Accordingly,Usanguk, which was located in the East Sea, was used as a strategic, marinemilitary point. Concerning a diplomatic visit to Japan by Balhae, the basic sea route wasthat from Hamgyeongdo(함경도)–the coastal area of the East Sea(동해)–Ulreungdo–Oki Island(오키섬)–Sanin(산인). This reduced the risk of sailingon the open sea while also increasing sailing efficiency owing to the existenceof clear navigational goals such as Ulreungdo and Dokdo. Since the main searoute used Ulreungdo for navigation, Silla responded actively to this. It wasable to block mutual negotiations by either by monitoring the passing of shipsor using military power. Simultaneously, Silla made preparations to protect Ulreungdo as its isolationmade it vulnerable to external attack. Silla initiated a new recruiting systembased on the execution of the equal-field system; therefore, it was notfundamentally different from the ruling order of the mainland of Silla, which was based on a criminal and administrative system. Although Usanguk hadbeen isolated geographically, it existed within the criminal and administrativesystem of the middle to later period of Silla as a domain of Silla, and also in the same era.