대일본부인회 조선본부(大日本婦人會 朝鮮本部)의 결성과 활동(1942～45년)
The Formation and Activities of the Korean Branch of the Japanese Women’s Society(大日本婦人會 朝鮮本部, 1942～45)
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본고는 1942년 3월 14일 결성된 대일본부인회 조선본부(大日本婦人會 朝鮮本部)를 통해 전시체제기 총독부의 부인정책에 대해 살펴보고자 하였다. 대일본부인회 조선본부를 연구대상으로 선정한 이유는 징병제 실시 이후 활발하였던 총독부의 부인정책을 가장 잘 대변해주는 단체가 대일본부인회 조선본부라고 생각하였기 때문이다. 일제는 이 시기 대일본부인회 조선본부를 통해 조선여성에게 일본여성과 같이 전쟁에 자신의 아들, 남편을 보내고, 후방에서 부인의 역할을 충실히 하도록 총후부인상(銃後婦人像)을 제시하였다. 일제가 조선여성들에게 총후부인상을 제시하였던 표면적 이유는 일본여성과의 동화정책이었지만 그 목적은 조선여성의 노동력 동원, 공출을 위한 것이었다. 즉 대일본부인회 조선본부는 총독부와 긴밀한 관계를 맺으면서 일제의 여성동원정책을 직접적으로 시행했던 것이다. 그 동원규모 또한 전국적인 것으로 조선여성에게 상당한 영향력을 미쳤다. 그러나 일본의 패망 위기인 1945년 6월 대일본부인회 조선본부는 해산되고, 조선여성 전부는 조선 전체를 군대화 시키려 하였던 국민의용대(國民義勇隊)에 편입되었다. 이는 전쟁 막바지의 상황에서 조선여성들을 설득하기 위해 동화정책을 추진할 여유가 없었기 때문에 강력한 동원정책만을 추구한 결과였다. 다시 말해 대일본부인회 조선본부는 일제의 필요성에 의해 결성되었다가 일제가 필요성을 느끼지 못하자 해산된 것처럼 일제의 의도를 그대로 담아내고 있었다.
Abstract
This thesis examined policies toward Korean women of the Japanese Government-General of Korea during the period between 1942 and 1945 by studying the formation and activities of the Korean branch of the Japanese Women’s Society(大日本婦人會 朝鮮本部, KBJWS) which the Japanese women's group organized on March 14th, 1942. KBJWS was chosen for this study for the following reason that the period during which KBJWS operated (1942～1945) followed the time when the conscription system was decided to be enforced afterwards, May 1942. During that period, policies of the Government-General toward Korean housewives were developed most vigorously. KBJWS worked as following the policies of the Government-General. Firstly, the assimilation policy operated by KBJWS was not a complete unity of Korean women with Japanese women but was, in fact, a discrimination against Korean women. KBJWS made propaganda that Korean women could truly become Japanese women as long as they become “militaristic mothers” and “Madam in the rear guard”(銃後婦人) as producers just like Japanese women. However, in fact, Korean women were not treated equally as Japanese women but were exploited only as labor forces. Secondly, the primary objective of KBJWS was to mobilize Korean housewives as labor forces, which was facilitated by opening nurseries and making labor patriotic squad(勤勞報國隊), agricultural driving squad(農業推進隊). Its mobilization method was to secure “Chong-hoe”(町會), the smallest unit in the administration as its sphere of influence. Thereby KBJWS was able to mobilize patriotic units through “Chong-hoe”(町會). Finally, KBJWS aimed to control the living of Korean women and delivery(供出), which was conducted by nationwide campaigns. Also KBJWS nurtured leaders to oblige Korean women to follow Japanese lifestyles, which was considered to have made a significant influence on Korean women’s lives despite their resistance. However, KBJWS was dissolved at the end of the war in June 1945 and then was incorporated into National Civilian Army(國民義勇隊). This clearly reveals the change of the Government-General’s policy toward Korean women. In conclusion, the significance of KBJWS is that it was a sole nationwide organization directed by Japanese women with an intention of mobilizing and controling the entire Korean women.