냉전기 미국의 對동맹 첨단무기이전
The United States’ Advanced Arms Transfer toward the Allies during the Cold War
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초록
무기이전은 냉전기 미국의 중요한 군사원조 정책수단 중 하나였다. 미국은 무기이전을 통해 동맹을 관리, 강화하고자 하였다. 본 연구는 미국이 동맹국에 이전한 무기의 질적 차이에 주목하여 다음과 같은 연구질문을 설정하였다. “왜 냉전기 미국은 일부 동맹국에는 첨단무기를, 일부 동맹국에는 구식무기를 이전하였는가?” 본 연구에서는 관련 기존연구를 검토하여 가설을 수립하였고, 이를 통계 분석을 통해 실증적으로 검증하였다. 분석 결과, 미국의 무기이전은 철저히 현실주의적 사고에 기반함을 알 수 있었다. 미국은 동맹국의 군사력이 강할수록 첨단무기를 이전하는 경향이 높았으며, 경제적 수준이 높은 동맹국에 대해서는 첨단무기 이전을 자제하는 경향을 보였다. 이는 미국이 동맹국을 무조건적으로 지원하는 것이 아니라, 자국의 이익에 바탕하여 동맹국을 지원, 관리하고자 하는 의도를 나타내는 결과이다.
Abstract
Arms transfer was one of the most crucial means of the United States military assistance. The United States tried to manage and strengthen its allies through arms transfer. This study set up a research question, “Why the United States did transfer ‘advanced’ arms to some allies, while ‘obsolete’ arms to others?”, focusing on qualitative variation of arms transferred by the United States during the Cold War. This study formulates some hypotheses through reviewing relevant literatures, and empirically analyzes these hypotheses using a statistical method. According to the analysis, the more ‘military capability of the ally’ increase, the more likely transferring advanced arms become. On the other hand, the United States tended to restrain advanced arms transfer to the affluent allies. This results proves that the United States’ arms transfer policy was on the basis of its national interests to manage allies, not ‘idealistic charity’.
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